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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. 








INSULAR 


GEOGRAPH ICAL PR IMER 


DAVID GIBBS 

o 

FORMERLY DIVISION SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 



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NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 


LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 


APK 18 1907 



Copyright, 1907, by 
DAVID GIBBS. 

Entered at Stationers’ Hall, London. 

INSULAR GEOGRAPHICAL PRIMER. 

W. P. I 


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PREFACE 


This book has been prepared for use in the elementary schools of 
the Philippine Islands. In vocabulary, sentence structure, and selec- 
tion of materials it is adapted for use in the third school year. 

The study begins with the pupil’s own surroundings and their 
representation by pictures and on maps. The text is arranged to 
accompany and supplement the study of the home district of the pupil. 
By personal study, descriptions, and pictures the pupil learns the vari- 
ous important land and water forms. 

The method used in the text is direct, free from technicalities, 
and readily applicable to the various local conditions. 

The description of the Philippines occupies a large part of the 
book. Besides the general description of the different islands, the 
more important industries, products, and peoples are specially de- 
scribed. This gives the pupil a good general knowledge of his own 
country as a basis for the study of other countries. Many if not 
most of the pupils will never make a more advanced study of their 
own country. For them a general knowledge of its peoples, industries, 
and products is of first importance. 

In the description of other countries, the most important facts 
regarding their peoples and industries are included. China, Japan, 
India, and the East Indies are more fully treated on account of their 
greater interest to the Filipinos. 

Many pictures and colored maps are used. The maps represent 
only the most important facts. Most facts of location, as of cities, 
capitals, mountains, rivers, etc., are developed in the map studies, 
and are not repeated in the text. This gives much more space in 
the descriptive text for interesting material. 

A “ Pronouncing Vocabulary” and “ Directions for Teachers” are 
also included. 


3 


4 



The Town. — This is a picture 
of a town. Find the schoolhouse. 
Find the church. Find a street. 
Find the plaza. Find the river. 
Find a casco on the river. Find 
a bridge over the river. Find the 
bancas on the side or bank of the 
river. Find the rice fields. 

Do you live in a town ? In 
what barrio do you live ? 

Do you live in a city? On what 
street is your house ? On what 


street is your schoolhouse ? On 
what street is the church ? 

Have you been at a market ? 
Is there a market in the place 
where you live ? What is sold in 
the market? * (I.) 

Is there a river near your town? 
Is there a bridge over the river ? 
Do boats o;o on the river ? What 

o 

do they carry ? Where do they go? 

* The Roman numerals refer to Direc- 
tions for Teachers on page 119 




o 



Map. — Here is another picture 
of a town. This kind of picture 
is a Map. 

On this map find the school- 
house. Find the church. Find 
the plaza. Find the river. Find 
the market. 

Find Rizal Street. Find Water 
Street. Find the bridge over the 
river. Find the rice fields. Find 
School Street. 

On a map of your town, find 


your schoolhouse. On what street 
is it ? On what street is your 
house ? Can you find it on the 
map ? 

Find Church Street. Find 
Brid ge Street. On what street is 
the market ? Find the river. 
What is the name of the longest 
street ? On what street is the 
post office? On what street is 
the municipal building ? Find it 
on the map. (II.) 




6 



Picture of a river basin. 

River. — In the picture of the 
river , find the town. Find the 
bridge. On the map of the river 
find the town. 

How many large branches has 
the river ? The large branches of a 
river are smaller rivers and Brooks . 
The smallest branchesof brooks are 
called Bills . Rivers begin in rills 
and brooks. 



Map of a river basin. 


In the picture find the place 
where the river begins. This is 
the Source of the river. Find the 
place where it ends. This is the 
Mouth of the river. The town is 
near the mouth of the river. 

Is there a rill, a brook, or a river 
near your home ? Can you find its 
source ? Where is its mouth ? 
For what is it useful ? (in.) 



A river. 




7 



Mountain. — Here is a picture 
of some hills and mountains. The 
Mountains are the highest parts of 
the land. A hill is not so high 
as a mountain. 

The sides of the hills and moun- 
tains are called Slopes. The high- 
est part of a hill or a mountain is 
the Top or Summit. 

In the picture how many hills 
are there? Find the tops of the 
mountains. Find the slopes of the 
hills. In the picture on page 4 
and on the map on page 5 find 
the hills and mountains. 


Are there hills near your town ? 
Can you see any mountains ? 
Find these hills or mountains on 
the map of your town. (IV.) 

Valley. — In the picture find the 
river and the town. The land 
slopes down to the river. The river 
is in a lowland called a Valley. 
The city in the picture is in the 
valley. The valley is a lowland 
between hills and mountains. 
Rivers flow in lowlands or 
valleys. 

Find the valley of a brook near 
your home. (V.) 



8 



A plain. 


Plain. — In this picture there 
are no hills and no mountains. 
The land is nearly level and is 
called a Plain . Rice and sugar 
cane grow on the plains. Forests 
grow on the hills and mountains. 

Lake. — In the picture we can 
see a river and a Lake. The lake 
is broad. The water is still. A 
small lake is called a Pond. 

Brooks and rivers flow into 
lakes. They are the Inlets. The 


river flowing out of the lake is 
the Outlet. 

In the picture and on the map 
of a lake, find the inlet. Find the 
outlet. 

Find the source of the inlet. 
Find its mouth. Find the hills. 
Find the mountains. (VI.) 

Waterfall. — In the picture, at 
the outlet of the lake, there is a 
Waterfall. Here the water falls 
many feet. 



Picture of a lake. 


Map of a lake. 



9 



The ocean and the seashore. 


Ocean. — If you should go down 
a river near your home, you would 
finally come to a very large body 
of water. This is the Ocean. The 
water of the ocean is very deep. 
It tastes salt. The water in rivers 
and brooks is fresh. 

The place where the ocean 
meets the land is called the Sea- 
shore, or Coast . In some places 
the seashore is low and sandy. 
In some places it is high and 
rocky. 


The water of the ocean rises 
and falls in Waves. The waves 
break on the shore in Surf. 

Large ships and steamboats sail 
on the ocean. The ocean is very 
large. We can sail on it many 
days without seeing any land. 

Do you live near the ocean ? 
Do you like to see the waves ? 
Do you like to bathe in the surf? 
Is the shore low and sandy, or is it 
high and rocky ? Have you seen 

O t J 

a ship on the ocean ? (VII.) 


10 



Cape. — In some* places along 
a coast, a point of the land ex- 
tends into the water. 4 This point 
of land is called a Cape . 

In the picture on this page find 
three capes. On the map on page 
1 1 find three capes. 

Peninsula. — In the picture find 
the Peninsula. It is a part of 
the land nearly surrounded by 
water. Find the peninsula on the 
map. 


Isthmus. — In the picture find 
the narrow neck of land between 
the peninsula and the mainland. 
This neck is called an Isthmus. 

Find the isthmus on the map. 

Draw a peninsula and an 
isthmus. 

Island. — In the picture find 
the Islands. They are entirely 
surrounded by water. 

Find an island in the picture. 
Find an island on the map. 



11 



Bay. — In some places along a 
coast, the water is nearly sur- 
rounded by the land. These parts 
of the water are Bays . 

How many bays are there in 
the picture ? Find the bays on the 
map. 

Some bays are called Gulfs , and 
some are called Seas. 

Harbor. — Some bays are small 
and deep. Ships may enter them 
safely. They protect the ships 


from the wind and the waves. 
Such bays are called Harbors. 
Cities and towns are found on 
harbors. A city on a harbor is 
called a Seaport, 

In the picture find the harbor 
and the city. Find the harbor 
and the city on the map. 

Strait. — In the picture find a 
Strait . Find a strait on the map. 
A strait connects two larger bodies 
of water. (VIII.) 


12 


Directions. — In the picture on 
page 4 find the sun. Is it high 
or low in the sky ? When is the 
sun low in the sky ? 

In the morning the sun comes 
up, or rises. In the evening it 
goes down, or sets. 

Can you point toward the place 
where the sun rises ? Point to the 
place where the sun sets. The 
direction toward the place where 
the sun rises is East. The direc- 
tion toward where the sun sets is 
West. 

Stand with your face toward the 
west. The direction on the right 
side of you is North. The direc- 
tion on the left side of you is South. 

In your schoolroom, what is 
north of you ? What is east of 
you ? What is west of you ? 
Walk toward the north. Take 
three steps toward the west. 
Point toward the south. 

On the school floor draw a line 
toward the east. Draw a line 
across it toward the north. Draw 
a line halfway between east and 
north. Draw a line halfway 
between east and south. 


The direction halfway between 
East and North is Northeast. The 
direction between east and south 
is Southeast. Point toward the 
Northeast. Point toward the 
Southeast. Point toward the North- 
west. Point toward the Southwest. 
What things can you see south- 
west of you ? In what direction 
is your teacher from you ? 

N. is the abbreviation for North, 
N.E. for Northeast, E. for East, 
S. for South, W. for West, S.E. 
for Southeast, S.W. for Southwest, 
N.W. for Northwest. 

Directions on a Map. — On a map 
toward the top of the map is 
North. Toward the bottom of 
the map is South. Toward the 
right side is East. Toward the 
left side is West. (IX.) 


N 



18 



Municipal 
■ KBi Building 


PMN| 


Schoolhouse 


Church 


1 WBB 


NORTH 








SOUTH 


Map Questions. — 1. On this map 
what is the direction of the ocean from 
the land ? 

2. What is the direction from the 
large island to the small island ? 

3. In what direction is the church 
from the schoolhouse ? 

4. In what direction is the peninsula 
from the schoolhouse ? 

5. What is the direction from the 
hills to the mountains ? 

(>. In what direction is the lake from 
the peninsula? 

7. In what direction is the lake from 
the isthmus ? 

8. In what direction is the church 
from the municipal building ? 

9. In what direction does the river 
flow ? 


On a map of your town, what is the 
direction from the schoolhouse to the 
church ? From the church to the mar- 
ket ? From the town to the mountains ? 
From the schoolhouse to your home? 
From your home to the river. In what 
direction does the river or the brook flow? 
Is there a cape or a bay on your map ? 

Review. — 1. What is the source of a 
river ? 2. What is a lake ? 

3. How does a hill differ from a 
mountain ? 4. How does a brook differ 
from a river ? 

5. What is a valley ? An island ? 
A peninsula ? An isthmus ? A bay ? 
A strait ? A cape ? 

6. Why do people build cities and 
towns on the harbors ? 


14 



50 100 150 200 

SCALE OF KILOMETERS 




MINOORO 

, v 


MA 


RAN AY 


SC RIG AO 
^ SEA 


Philippine Islands. — You live 
on an island. What is the name 
of this island ? This island is one of 
the Philippine Islands. The Filipi- 
nos live on the Philippine Islands. 


The Continents. — On the map 
on page 15 find the Philippine 
Islands. What sea is west of the 
Philippine Islands ? If we should 
cross this sea, we should come to 


Map Questions. — Here 
is a map of the Philippine 
Islands. 

1. Can you find the 
island on which you live ? 

2. Find the island of 
Luzon. Find Mindanao. 
Find Samar. Find Min- 
doro. Find Manila Bay. 
Find Mindoro Strait. 

3. What direction is 
Mindanao from Luzon ? 

4. In what direction 
is Palawan from Minda- 
nao ? 

5. Wliat sea is west 
of Luzon ? 

6. What ocean is east 
of the Philippine Is- 
lands ? 

7. What sea is south 
of Mindanao ? 

8. What gulf is west 
of Luzon ? 

9. What bay is west 
of Luzon ? 

10. What sea is be- 
tween Palawan and Min- 
danao ? 


longitude 120 East SOUTH from 124 Greenwich 


15 



a very large body of land called 
the Eastern Continent. 

What ocean is east of the 
Philippine Islands ? If we should 
cross this large ocean, we should 
come to the Western Continent . 

The Eastern Continent has three 
parts. They are Asia, Europe , 
and Africa. 

North America and South 


America are on the Western Con- 
tinent. 

Map Questions. — 1. Find Asia. 

2. In what direction is Asia from 
the Philippine Islands ? 

3. In what direction is Europe from 
Asia ? 

4. What is the direction from 
Europe to Africa ? 

5. In what direction is North Amer- 
ica from the Philippine Islands ? 


16 


The Earth. — We live on the 
Earth. It is large and round like 
a great ball. Have you seen the 
moon when it is large and round ? 
The earth is round like the moon. 
The earth seems flat to us. This 
is because we can see so little of it 
at a time. (X.) 



The Hemispheres. — Here are 
two pictures of the Earth. One 
picture shows the Eastern Con- 
tinent. The other picture shows 
the Western Continent. Each 
picture shows half of the Earth. 

The earth is round. It is a 
sphere. Half of a sphere is called 
a hemisphere. Half of the earth 
is called a Hemisphere. 


The picture of the Eastern 
Hemisphere shows the Eastern 
Continent. The picture of the 
Western Hemisphere shows the 
Western Continent. 

Land and Water. — The outside 
of the earth is the Surface. It is 
made up of Land and Water. 



The Eastern Continent and the 
Western Continent, the Philippine 
Islands, and many other islands 
form the land. The oceans, bays, 
gulfs, rivers, and lakes form the 
water. The land covers only one 
fourth of the surface of the earth. 
What part of the surface does the 
water cover ? 


Study the maps on pages IS and 19. 


17 


Day and Night. — Where does 
the sun rise ? Where does it set ? 
When is your shadow toward the 
west ? When is it toward the 
east ? When is it shortest ? 

In the morning the sun rises in 
the east. At noon the sun is in 
the middle of the sky. 

It is almost directly 
over our heads. In 
the evening the sun 
sets in the west. 

The sun seems to 
rise in the east, move 
across the sky, and 
set in the west. It 
does not really move. 

The earth moves. The 
earth turns around 
once each day. 

Turning of the Earth. — Put an 
orange on a long pin. Hold the 
orange near a lighted candle. 
Suppose the orange is the earth. 
Suppose the candle is the sun. 

The candle lights only half of 
the orange. The sun lights only 
half the earth. The lighted part 
represents Day . The not lighted 
part represents Night . When it is 


day on one side of the earth, it is 
night on the other side. When 
it is day in the Eastern Hemi- 
sphere, it is night in the West- 
ern Hemisphere. When it is day 
in the Philippine Islands, it is 
night in America. (XI.) 


Put a small piece of paper on 
the orange. Turn the orange on 
the pin. The paper is first in the 
light, and then in the shadow. 
It has day when in the light, 
and night when in the shadow. 
So the earth turns, and we have 
day when we are in the light and 
night when we are in the shadow. 

Turn to page 20. 




18 



nor-t.h y pole 


( STHmu ; 


TROPIC 


aNCER 


jUPPINE 

\SUANOS 


rabian 

Sea 


Bay of , 
Bengal 


60 EQUATOR 80 


MADAGASCAR 


CAPRICORN 


TROPIC OF 


CIRCLE 


ys ouTtjy / fpLE 


Map Questions. — From this map tell 
wliat ocean is north of the Eastern Con- 
tinent. What ocean is east ? What 
ocean is south ? What ocean is west ? 


What sea is between Europe and 
Africa? What isthmus connects Africa 
and Europe ? What groups of islands 
are east of Asia? Where is Australia? 


E A°S T 


19 





Hud*"' 

\-Bay 


Gulf Of 
Mexico 


tropic 


CANCER 


ISTHMUS OF 
PANAMA 


120 EQUATOR 100 


TROPIC 


CAPRICORN 


ANTARCTIC 


circle 


HEMjgfg 

^ NORTH 


Map Questions. — What ocean is north 
of that continent ? What ocean is east ? 
What isthmus connects North and South 
America ? What gulf and sea between 


North and South America? What is- 
land group ? What strait is between 
North America and Asia? What cape 
is at the south end of South America ? 



I 


20 


The Axis of the Earth. — Turn 

the orange on the pin. The or- 
ange turns around the pin. The 
pin goes through the center of 
the orange. The pin is the Axis 
of the orange. 

The earth also turns about a 
line. This line goes through the 
center of the earth. It is the 
Axis of the earth. (XI.) 

NORTH 



pole: 

The Poles of the Earth. — The 

ends of the Axis are the Poles. 
They are called the North Pole 
and the South Pole. Find the 
poles of the orange. In the pic- 
ture find the poles of the earth. 

The Equator. — A line going 
around the earth halfway between 
the poles is the Equator of the 
earth. It divides the surface into 


two equal parts. Can you draw an 
equator on the orange? In the pic- 
ture find the equator of the earth. 

Get a globe. The globe repre- 
sents the earth. On the globe, 
find the north pole. Find the 
south pole. Find the equator. 

The Zones. — In the morning 
and in the evening the sun is 
low in the skv. The air is cool. 
At noon the sun is nearly over- 
head, and the air is very warm. 

Near the equator, every day in 
the year the sun at noon is nearly 
overhead. The weather is always 
warm. The warmest part of the 
earth is near the equator. This 
warm part is called the hot or 
Torrid Zone. 

The Philippine Islands are near 
the equator. They are in the Tor- 
rid Zone. Here the air is warm 
all the year. 

In the parts of the earth near 
the poles the sun is never high in 
the sky. The weather is cold 
nearly all the year. These cold 
parts of the earth are called the 
Frigid Zones. Here no trees 
grow. The people eat only fish, 


21 


and the meat and fat of animals. 
Their clothes are made of skins of 
animals. 

The parts of the earth between 
the Torrid Zone and the Frigid 
Zones are called the Temperate 
Zones. They are not so warm 


as the Torrid Zone, and are not 
so cold as the Frigid Zones. 

In the Temperate Zones many 
beautiful trees, plants, and flowers 
grow. The people wear clothes 
made of cotton, silk, and wool. 
They have large rich countries. 



NORTH POL E 


ORT 

° ocean 


' cM^ E ' R \ 

& PH»UPP' NE *r} 
^E> IS- 


CANCER 


EQUATOR 


EQUATOR 


CAPRICORN 


CAPRicqpm 


TROP'C 


’rn rctic 


O^AHCTICoO, 

s outh pole 


0 iH f r i G 

0^ T aB CTIGooS 

N iONf • 

S OUTH POLE 


Map Questions on the Zones : — 

1. How many zones are there ? 

2. Find the North Pole. 

3. Find the South Pole. 

4. In what zone is the North Pole ? 

5. In what zone is the South Pole ? 

6. What zone is north of the Torrid 
Zone ? 

7. What zone is south of the Torrid 
Zone ? 


8. Between what zones is the Tor- 
rid Zone ? 

9. What zone is between the North 
Frigid Zone and the Torrid Zone ? 

10. Find the Philippine Islands. In 
what zone are they ? 

11. In what zones is Asia? Africa? 

12. In what zone is Europe ? 

13. In what zones is North America ? 

14. In what zone do you live ? 



THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS 


Map Questions. — 1. What are the 
two largest islands in the Philippine 
Islands ? 

2. Name some of the other large 
islands ? 

3. What large island is farthest 
north ? 

4. What large island is farthest 
south ? 

5. What small islands are north of 
Luzon ? 

6. What small islands are southwest 
of Mindanao ? 

7. What large islands are between 
Luzon and Mindanao ? 

8. What ocean is east of the Philip- 
pine Islands ? 

9. What large islands border on this 
ocean ? 

10. What large islands border on the 
China Sea? 

11. What sea is between Palawan 
and Mindanao ? 

12. What sea is south of Mindanao ? 

13. Find Panay. What islands are 
between Panay and Bohol ? 

14. What large island is south of 
Samar ? 

15. In what direction is Luzon from 
Negros ? 

16. In what direction is Cebu from 
Luzon ? 

17. Find the island on which you 
live. 


18. In what direction is the China 
Sea from your home ? In what direc- 
tion is Negros ? 

19. Are the Philippine Islands north 
or south of the Equator? 

20. In what direction are they long- 
est ? 

21. Between what islands is Mindoro 

Strait ? (XXL) 


Climate. — Our coolest months 
are November, December, and 



Summer in the temperate zone. 


January. The warmest months 
are April, May, and June. 

In the cool months, the wind 
blows from the northeast and the 
east. In the warm months the 
wind blows from the southwest 
and the west. These warm winds 
are called Monsoons . 

The northeast winds blow over 
the Pacific Ocean. They blow 


24 


from October to June. They bring 
rain to the eastern coasts of the 
islands. 

The southwest winds blow over 
the Indian Ocean. They bring 
rain to the western parts of the 
islands. They blow from June 
to October. 

At your home in what months 
does the rain fall ? In what months 
is there no rain ? The months in 
which the rain falls is the Wet 
Season . In the Dry Season little 
or no rain falls. In the Torrid Zone 
there are only two seasons, the 
W et Season and 
the Dry Season. 

Sometimes there 
are storms with 
strong winds and 
heavy rain. These 
storms are called 
Typhoons or Ba- 
gnios. The winds 
blow down houses 
and trees. They 
blow fruits off the 
trees. The rains 
cover the low- 
lands with water. 


These storms often do much dam- 
age. ' (XIII.) 

There are also many thunder 
showers. Most of them come in 
May, June, July, and August. 

On the hills and the mountains 
the climate is cooler than on the 
plains and in the valleys. The 
climate is cool in Samar, Leyte, 
the eastern part of Mindanao, and 
in the Sulu Islands. It is cooler 
in these places than on the low- 
lands of Luzon. 

Plants. — What trees and plants 
do you know ? Which of these 

trees have large, 
broad leaves ? Are 
the leaves green all 
the year ? What 
fruits can you buy 
in the market of 
your town ? Of 
what woods are the 
housesbuilt? Have 
you ever been in 
the forest ? What 
trees bear flowers ? 
In what zone do 
these trees, plants, 
and fruits grow ? 



Coco palms. 


25 


Rice grows nearly everywhere 
in the Philippines. It is eaten by 
all the people. Corn grows in 
many places. 

Sugar cane grows in Luzon and 
Negros. Sugar is made from 
sugar cane. 

Coco palms grow along the 
shore of most of the islands. 
There are many kinds of fruits. 
What kinds of fruits have you 
seen ? What kinds do you like 
best ? 

Some plants produce fibers. 
From the fibers of abaca, ropes are 
made. Cotton is made into cloth 
and blankets. A fine cloth is 
made of fibers of pineapple leaves. 
Hats and mats are made of the 
leaves of the buri palm and the 
nipa palm. (XIV.) 

Beans, tomatoes, lettuce, and 
camotes grow in the gardens. 

Bamboo grows along the streams. 
It is very useful. There are forests 
on the hills and mountains. In 
these forests there are wild fruits, 
large trees, and vines. Bejuco 
grows in the forest. For what is 
it used ? 


Animals. — The carabao is our 
most useful animal. It carries 
loads. It pulls carts and sleds. 
It pulls the plow and the harrow. 
It is very strong. It likes the 
water. It likes to cover its body 
with mud. The mud protects it 
from flies. (XV.) 

In the forests there are deer, 
wild hogs, lizards, monkeys, bats, 
and snakes. The deer are hunted 
with dogs and nets. Holes are dug 
in the forest paths. Sharp sticks 
are placed at the bottom of the 
holes. The deer fall into the holes 
and are caught on the sharp sticks. 

Some of the lizards are more 
than a meter long. The monitor 
lizards run very rapidly. They 
eat fish, frogs, eggs, and birds. 
The iguana is the largest lizard. 
These lizards are caught and used 
for food. Smaller lizards, called 
geckos , live in the houses and on 
the trees. They eat insects. 

In the forest there are large 
snakes called boas. They are 
often more than seven meters long. 
They eat monkeys, birds, deer, and 
smaller animals. They may kill 


26 



men and carabaos. 
In the swamps and 
along; some rivers 
there are croco- 
diles. They eat 
animals and some- 
times kill men. 


MONKEY 


LIZARD 


There are many bats. The 
small bats live under the roofs of 
buildings and in caves. They eat 
insects. The large fruit bats live 
in the trees. They eat bananas 
and other fruits. 

There are many beautiful birds. 
Herons, ducks, and many water 
birds may be seen along the rivers 
and in swamps. Swallows, doves, 
parrots, and pigeons are common. 
Hornbills, owls, and eagles live in 
the forests. 


Wild cats, wild 
buffaloes, and fly- 
ing lemurs, or casa- 
angs , are found in 
the forests. Large 
turtles are caught 
near the shores of 
the Visayan Is- 
lands. Their flesh 
is good food. 
Their shells are 
valuable for making combs. 

Many kinds of fish are caught 
in the rivers and along the shores. 
Clams, oysters, shrimps, lobsters, 
and trepan g are found in many 
places. 

There are many kinds of in- 
sects. White ants eat nearly all 
kinds of wood. They eat the 
posts and the floors of the houses, 
and almost anything made of 
wood. 

There are swarms of locusts. 
They sometimes come in clouds. 
The people make a noise, and 
build smoky fires to drive them 
away. The locusts are caught in 
nets, dried, and boiled. Some peo- 
ple like to eat them. The locusts 




27 



Negrito. Civilized Filipino. Moros. 


often eat the growing rice, corn, 
and sugar cane. 

Peoples. — In the Philippine 
Islands there are many kinds of 
peoples. 

Have yon ever seen a Negrito ? 
The word “Negrito” means “ small 
negro/’ Black people are called 
Negroes . Most Negroes and all 
Negritos live in the Torrid Zone. 
They belong to the Black Race. 

The Filipinos belong to the 
Brown Race. Most of the peo-* 
pie of the Torrid Zone belong to 
the Black Race or to the Brown 
Race. 


The Americans and the Spanish 
belong to the White Race. The 
Chinese belong to the Yellow Race. 


The Negritos and some other peo- 
ples live in the mountains. They 
have no towns. They live in small 
groups. Each group has a ruler 
or a chief. They are uncivilized. 

The civilized people live on the 
plains or in the valleys. They 
have towns and cities. They have 
churches, schools, streets, roads, 
bridges, and markets. 

They are Christians. They speak 
different languages. They are 
called Visa vans, Bicols, Ta^aloo^s, 

%j 7 ' O O s 



WEST 


NORTH 


0 



PHYSICAL MAP 


LUZON 


SCALE OF MILES 


SCALE OF KILOMETERS 


iSame sc a/e as /he maps of /he 
V/ say as ana' M ino/anao. 


Romblon 


* STft-iP 


Sibuj/an 


CALAMIANE.S 

Calamian 


S OUTH 


( 28 ) 


EAST 


29 


Pampangos, Zambalanes, Panga- 
sinanes, Ilocanos, and Cagayanes. 

The Visayans live on the Vi- 
sayan Islands. The other peoples 
live on Luzon. 

They all look much alike. 
They live in the same kinds of 
houses. They dress much alike. 

On Mindanao and the Sulu 
Islands live the Moros. The 
Moros are Mohammedans. On 
Mindanao there are many wild 
tribes or uncivilized peoples. 

Review. — 1. In what months do 
the winds blow from the northeast? 

2. On what islands is the climate 
coolest ? 

3. What are some of the most use- 
ful plants in the Philippines ? 

4. What plants grow in gardens ? 

5. 1ST am e some plants and trees that 
grow in the forests. 

6. Name the tame animals of the 
Philippines. 

7. Tell about the wild animals. 

8. How many birds do you know ? 
Where do they live ? What do they 
eat ? 

i 

9. Name some useful insects. What 
insects do harm ? 

10. What are the names of the Chris- 
tian Filipino peoples ? 

11. Where do the Moros live ? 


PHYSICAL MAP OF LUZON 

Map Questions. — 1. On which side 
of Luzon is the Pacific Ocean ? 

2. What gulf is on the western 
coast ? 

3. What mountain chains are in the 
northern part of Luzon ? 

4. Which of these mountain chains 
is farthest east ? 

5. Which is farthest west ? 

6. What large river flows between 
these mountains ? 

7. What mountain chain extends 
from the Gulf of Lin gay en to Manila 
Bay? 

8. What two rivers flow through 
the plain east of these mountains ? 

9. Which of these rivers flows into 
the Gulf of Lingayen ? 

10. Which river flows into Manila 
Bay ? 

11. What large lake is near Manila 
Bay ? 

12. What two islands are east of 
Luzon ? 

13. What large island is south of 
Luzon ? 

14. In what part of Mindoro are the 
mountains ? 

15. Find Taal Lake. 

16. Find Mayon Volcano. 

17. What strait is between Samar 

and Luzon ? (XVI.) 

(Study the description of the surface 
of Luzon before using this lesson.) 


WEST 




31 



A mountain chain. 


LUZON 

Size. — Luzon is the largest 
island in the Philippines. Minda- 
nao is next in size. 

Surface of Luzon. — There are 
many mountains in Luzon. Some 
of these mountains are high . Their 
tops are often hidden in the clouds. 

Mountains are often together in 
a line, called a Chain. These 
chains of mountains are called 
Mountain Chains . See the picture 
of a mountain chain. Find other 
pictures of mountain chains in 
this book. There are mountain 
chains on all the large islands 
of the Philippines. 

In the northern part of Luzon 
there are two mountain chains. 


The Sierra Madre is on the east- 
ern side. They are near the shore. 
The shore is high and rocky. 
There are no good harbors. There 
are no large towns. 

Between the Cordillera and the 
Sierra Madre there is a large river 
valley. This is the valley of the 
Cagayan River. 



Cagayan River. 


32 


The great Cordillera is in the 
western part. Between these 
mountains and the coast there are 
many hills ; along the shore there 
is a narrow plain. 

Between the Gulf of Lingayen 
and Manila Bay, there is a large 
plain. This is the largest 
plain in the Philippine 
Islands. 

The Zam bales Moun- 
tains are on the western 
side of this plain. The 
Sierra Madre is on the 
eastern side. 

Two large rivers drain 
this plain. The Agno 
River flows into the Gulf 
of Lingayen. The Pam- 
panga River flows into 
Manila Bay. These rivers rise in 
the Caraballo Mountains. 

The land about the mouths of 
these rivers is level and very low. 
It is often covered with water. 
Such low, wet land is called a 
swamp. The nipa palm and the 
mangrove tree grow in these 
swamps. 

Near Manila there is a large 


lake called Laguna de Bay . South- 
east of this lake is Lake Taal . 

In Lake Taal there is a Volcano. 
It is a low mountain. Steam and 
ashes sometimes come out of a 
hole at its top. This hole in a vol- 
cano is called a Crater. 


Farther south in Luzon is Maybn 
Volcano. This volcano is high. 
It is round like a cone. Steam and 
ashes come from its crater. In the 
picture you can see a cloud of steam 
coming from the crater. 

Sometimes lava also flows down 
the sides of the mountain. Lava 
is melted rock. Mayon is a beau- 
tiful mountain. 



Mayon Volcano. 


« 


NORTHERN LUZON 


Cagayan, Isabela, and Nueva Viz- 
caya. — The large valley of the 

Cagayan River is in Northern 
Luzon. There are three provinces 
in this valley. They are Cagayan, 
Isabela, and Nueva Vizcaya. 

The river flows through a wide, 
flat plain. The Sierra Madre is 
on the eastern side of the plain. 
The great Cordillera is on the 
western side of the plain. 

The soil is very fertile. Much 



House in a tree. 


rice, corn, and tobacco are raised. 
The people also make salt, weave 
petates, and raise cattle. 

In these provinces most of the 
people are Cagayanes and Ilocanos. 
Negritos live in the Sierra Madre. 
In Nueva Vizcaya, most of the 
people are Igorots. The large 
towns are on the Cagayan River 
and its branches. Tuguegcirao 
is the capital of Cagayan. Hagan 
is the capita] of Isabela. Bayom- 
bong is the capital of Nueva 
Vizcaya. (XVI 1. 

Some of the Igorots are called Gad- 
danes. They live mostly by hunting 
and fishing. They build their houses in 
trees, or on posts high above the ground. 
The Ilongots also live in this province. 
Among the Ilongots, each person 
chooses his own name. He may take 
the same name as a rock, a tree, a moun- 
tain, or some other thing. He may 
change his name when he wishes. They 
live in small groups. These groups are 
often at war. 

The Kalingas live in Cagayan and 
Isabela. They cultivate rice, raise 
carabaos, hunt, and fish. They raise 
cotton and weave cloth. They hunt with 
bows, arrows, and spears. The warriors 
carry spears and shields. 


34 




Tobacco. — Tobacco grows on all the 
islands. The best tobacco grows in the 
provinces in the Cagayan valley. 

In raising tobacco, first a seed bed is 
planted. Then the land is plowed and 
harrowed. When the little plants have 
two or three leaves, they are taken up. 
They are planted in the field one by one. 

The plants grow more than a meter 
high. They have large, broad leaves. 
The large leaves are pulled off. They 
are carried to sheds in baskets. In the 


sheds they are dried. The dried leaves 
are sent to Manila. Here they are made 
into cigars and cigarettes. 

ILOCOS NORTE, ILOCOS SUR, AND 

LA UNION 

On the China Sea there are 
three provinces. They are Ilocos 


Norte, Ilocos Sur, and La Union. 
They are west of the Cordillera. 
Along the coast there is a narrow 
plain. The large cities are on 
this plain. 

The people are Uocanos. There 
are some Pangasinanes in La 
Union. The people raise cotton, 
rice, tobacco, and corn. They 
make blankets and cloth of cotton. 

Laoag is the capital of 
Ilocos Norte. It is a 
large city. 

Vigan is the capital of 
Ilocos Sur. It has many 
large houses and other 
buildings. 

o 

San Fernando is the 
largest town in La Union. 
It is the capital. 

Indigo. — In Ilocos Norte 
and in Ilocos Sur the indigo 
plant is cultivated. A blue dye is made 
from it. This dye is used for coloring 
clothes. It is used in washing clothes 
to whiten them. It has other uses. 

The ground is plowed. The seed is 
sown in October, at the end of the rainy 
season. When the flowers come, the 
plants are cut. The plants are put at 
once into large vats. Then the vats are 



Tobacco. 


35 


filled with water. The water takes the 
indigo out of the plants. The water is 
then put into another vat. The water 
in this vat is stirred until it becomes 
blue. The indigo goes to the bottom of 
the vat. The water is taken away. 
The indigo is then dried. Get a piece 
of indigo. Make some ink with it. 
Dye some cloth. (XIX.) 

IN THE CORDILLERA 

• 

In the western' Cordillera of 
northern Luzon there are three 
provinces. They are Abra , Le- 
panto-Bontoc , and Benguet . 

Abra and Lepanto-Bontoc are 
mostly in the valley of Abra 
River. The river valleys are deep. 
The streams are swift. 

The people live in the valleys and 
on the sides of the hills. They are 
Ilocanos, Tinguianes, and Tgorots. 

Benguet is among the high 
mountains. It is a Highland. It 
is called a Plateau. The climate 
is cool. The people often build 
fires at night to keep warm. They 
are Igorots and Ilocanos. 

People from other provinces go 
to Benguet because the climate is 
cool and healthful. 


Gold, copper, and iron are 
found in Benguet. The Igorots 
dig the gold from the rocks, or 
wash it from the sand in the 
rivers. 


THE IGOROTS 

The name “ Igorot ” means “ moun- 
tain people.” The Igorots live in Le- 



Igorot woman weaving. 


panto-Bontoc, Benguet, and Nueva Viz- 
caya. They are small but very strong. 
The women carry baskets and jars on 
their heads. The men carry baskets 
on their backs. In the day the men 
usually wear only a piece of cloth about 
their bodies. The Igorots wear no shoes 
and no hats. At night when the air is 
cool they wear blankets. They weave 
the blankets of cotton. 

They raise rice, corn, beans, camotes, 
millet, chickens, pigs, carabaos, and 
horses. 

Their fields are on the sides of the 



37 


valleys. They make level places called 
terraces. The terraces are like large 
steps up the mountains. The banks or 
walls of these terraces are made of 
stone. They are often many feet high. 
Water is brought to these terraces by 
ditches. The men plow the land with 
sticks. 

The people work very hard. Two 
crops are raised each year. 

After the rice is harvested, camotes 
are planted. 

The rice is gathered in small bunches. 
The bunches are stored in houses called 
granaries. 

The Igorot often carries a spear, a 
shield, and a battle ax. 

In Bontoc all the Igorot boys sleep 
in a house by themselves. This house 
is called a pabafunan or a fdwi. The 
girls sleep in one building called an 
6lag. The boys and girls never play 
together. They do not sleep at home 
after they are about four years old. 

The Igorots now have schools. They 
are learning to use our tools. They are 
honest and faithful. They are good 
people. 

Review. — 1. What two large moun- 
tain chains are in Northern Luzon ? 

2. What river valley is between 
these mountains ? 

3. What provinces are in this 
valley ? 

4. What peoples live in these 
provinces ? 


5. What provinces are along the 
China Sea ? 

6. What people live in these 
provinces ? 

7. Tell how tobacco is raised. 

8. How is indigo made ? 

9. What provinces are in the Cor- 
dillera ? 

10. What peoples live in these 
provinces ? 

11. Write a composition about the 
Igorots. 

MAP OF CENTRAL LUZON 

Map Questions. — 1. What gulf is in 
the northern part of Central Luzon ? 

2. What province is on this gulf ? 

3. What large river flows into the 
gulf ? 

4. What cities are on the shore of 
the gulf ? 

5. What provinces border on the 
China Sea ? 

6. What is the capital of Zambales ? 

7. What bay is between Zambales 
and Bataan ? 

8. What towns are on this bay ? 

9. What town is at the southern 
point of Bataan ? 

10. What towns in Bataan are on 
Manila Bay ? 

11. What chain of mountains extends 
through Zambales and Bataan ? 

12. What large river flows into 
Manila Bay ? 


CENTRAL LUZON 


13. In what mountains does the 
Pampanga River rise ? 

14. Through what provinces does it 
flow ? 

15. What provinces border on Manila 
Bay ? 

16. What province is between Pam- 
panga and Pangas in an ? 

17. What province is between Bula- 
can and Pan gasman ? 

18. What province is west of Bula- 
can and Nueva Ecija? 

19. "What mountains are in Taya- 
bas ? 

20. What large towns are on the 
railroad between Manila and L>agu- 
pan ? 

21. What large lake is southeast of 
Manila Bay ? 

22. What provinces border on this 
lake ? 

23. What towns are on this lake ? 

24. What river is in the outlet of 
Laguna de Bay ? 

25. What large city is on this 
river ? 

26. What lake is in Batangas ? 

27. What bays are on the coast of 
Batangas ? 

28. What volcano is in this lake ? 

29. What is the capital of La La- 
guna province ? 

30. On what river is the capital of 
Rizal province ? 

31. What city is the capital of Ca- 
vite ? 


On the large plain of central 
Luzon there are five provinces. 
Pangasinan is on the Gulf of Lin- 
gayen. Pampanga and Bulacan 
are on Manila Bay. Tarlac and 
JSfueva Ecija are in the central 
part. 

The country is low. In the 
rainy season much of the land is 
covered with water. 

About the shores of the Gulf of 
Lingayen and Manila Bay, there 
are large swamps. In the swamps 
the nipa palm and the mangrove 
tree grow. 

Nipa. — The nipa palm is very use- 
ful. The leaves are stripped off. They 
are sewed together and put on the roofs 
and sides of houses. Hats are made of 
nipa leaves. Sap is taken from the stem 
of the palm. It is put into large jars 
and made into alcohol. For what is 
alcohol used ? 

The Mangrove Tree is very useful for 
wood. Much wood is gathered in the 
swamps of Manila Bay and taken to 
Manila. Dyes are made from it. 

Rice and sugar are the most im- 

O 

portant products of these prov- 


39 


€ 


inces. Some corn and tobacco are 
raised. Most of the people are 
farmers. Pampanga and Bulacan 
are noted for rice and sugar. 

A railroad goes from Manila to 
Dagupan. In the picture you can 
see a train of cars on this railroad. 



Train on the Railroad from Manila to Dagupan. 

The engine is pulling the cars. 
This train is for people. Some 
trains carry only boxes, lumber, 
sugar, and other things. A branch 
of this railroad goes to San Isidro 
in Nueva Ecija. Other railroads 
will soon be built. They are very 
useful to the people. 

A wagon road goes from Dagu- 
pan to Baguio, the capital of Ben- 
guet. 


About one third of all the people 
in the Philippines live in this part 
of Luzon. 

Pangasinan contains many peo- 
ple. They are Pangasinanes. It 
has several large cities. Lingayen 
is the capital. Dagupan is a trad- 
ing center. 

In Nueva Ecija the people are 
Tagalogs, Pampangos, and Ilo- 
canos. San Isidro is the capital. 
It is the end of a railroad to 
Manila. 

In Tarlac most of the people 
are Ilocanos and Pampangos. There 
are also many Tagalogs and Pan- 
gasinanes. Tarlac is the capital. 
It is on the railroad. It is a trad- 
ing center. 

The people of Pampanga are 
Pampangos. Pampanga has many 
rivers. It is low and very fer- 
tile. San Fernando is the capi- 
tal. 

Bulacan produces much rice, 
sugar, and fish. Many hats and 
mats, and much jusi cloth are 
woven. The people are Tagalogs. 
Malolos is the capital of the 
province. 






Rice. — Rice is the main food of our 
people. It grows in all the provinces. 


Planting Rice. 

The provinces on this large plain raise 
much rice. Cavite, Batangas, and Cam- 
arines are also noted for 
rice. 

At the beginning of the 
rainy season, the grains of 
rice are sown on small pieces 
of land. These are called 
the seeding plots. In about 
six weeks the rice plants are 
nearly a foot high. 

The rice fields are divided 
into small, level parts. These 
parts are called paddies. A 
bank around each paddy 
holds the water. 

The ground is covered 
with water. Then it is plowed and 
harrowed. This makes the ground soft 


and very muddy. Now it is ready for 
planting the rice. 

The rice plants are taken 
out of the seeding beds. 
They are tied into small 
bundles. They are carried 
to the fields. Men, women, 
and children plant them in 
the soft mud. 

The rice plants grow six 
months in the paddies. Then 
they become yellow. Now 
the rice is ripe and must be 
harvested. It is cut and tied 
into bundles. The bundles 
are gathered and put in large 
•stacks. 

Then the grain is separated from the 
straw. This is called thrashing the rice. 


Cutting Rice. 

Che grain, or palay , must be hulled be- 
fore it can be eaten. 


Zambales and Bataan. — These 
provinces are mountainous. They 
extend along the coast of the China 
Sea. 

Along the seacoast there are 
many small islands and coral reefs. 

Coral is made by a small animal. It 
lives in the clear water near the shore. 
Many coral animals grow in one group. 
They slowly make a bank of hard rock. 
These coral rocks extend along the shore, 
or out into the water. Large ships can- 
not pass over some of these coral banks, 
or reefs. 



Sawing logs. 


Lumbering. — Most of the mountains 
in these provinces are covered with 
forests. Lumbering is an important 
occupation. 

The trees are cut in the forest. Then 
the logs are made square. They are then 
dragged by carabaos to the nearest large 
stream of water. Then the logs are 


floated to the seashore. The logs are 
often tied together, making a raft. The 
rafts are pulled to Manila by steamboats. 
Some of the logs are made into bancas. 

In Manila the logs are sawed into 
boards and pieces of many sizes. These 
are called lumber. Cutting the trees, 
sawing the logs, and making the lumber 
is lumbering . 

The natives of Zambcdes are 
Zambalanes. They are much like 
the other Christian peoples. The 
capital is Iba. 

The people of Bataan are Taga- 
logs. The capital is Balanga. 
The large towns of Bataan are on 
Manila Bay. 

Negritos. — In the mountains of Zam- 
bales and Bataan there are many Negri- 
tos. They are also called Aetas. There 
are Negritos in the Sierra Madre, in 
Mindoro, Palawan, Negros, Mindanao, 
and a few other places. Once there 
were many Negritos. They lived every- 
where. They were the ruling people. 

They are small. Many are less than 
five feet tall. They are very ignorant. 
Their skin is nearly black. Their hair 
is short and kinky. Their lips are thick, 
and their noses are flat. 

They live in small groups. There is 
a chief or ruler in each group. He tells 
them where to build their houses, where 


42 


to hunt, and when to move to another 
place. 

The men usually wear only a small 
piece of cloth around their bodies. The 
women often wear a camisa and a short 
skirt. They are always barefooted. 
They do not wear hats. 

They live by hunting and fishing. 
They use bows and arrows, and spears. 
They eat wild honey, wild fruits, roots, 
and eggs. Sometimes they plant ca- 
motes and rice. They gather wild rice. 



Negritos. 


They build poor houses. In the dry 
season they often sleep on the leaves 
in the forest and in trees. They do not 
live long in one place. 

They are simple and peaceful. They 
bring honey, skins, and wax to the 
towns, and trade them for rice, bolos, 
and cloth. Sometimes they will work 
in the rice fields for money. In a few 
places the Negritos have towns and 
wish to have land and fields and crops, 
and to bye like the other people. 


MANILA 

Manila is the capital and the 
largest city of the Philippine 
Islands. 

It has about two hundred and 
twenty thousand people. They 
are mostly Tagalogs. There are 
also many Pampangos, Visayans, 
and Ilocanos. Many Chinese, 
Americans, and Spaniards also live 
in this city. 

The oldest part of the city is 
called the Walled City. It has 
a high wall around it. The peo- 
ple enter the city through gates. 
T he streets in the Walled City are 
narrow. The houses are built of 
stone. In the Walled City there 
are several churches and other 
large buildings. The streets are 
covered with stone, or paved. 

Outside of the walls there was 
once a deep ditch. Over this 
ditch there were bridges to the 
gates. At night the bridges were 
pulled up against the gates. 
Soldiers walked on the walls. 
Now the gates are made wider. 
The moats have been filled with 



48 




earth, and made beautiful with 
trees and walks. 

The Pasig River passes through 
Manila. It is crossed by several 
bridges. Across the river from 
the Walled City is Binondo. 

In Binondo there are many large 
stores. The main street is the 
Escolta. 


Small steamboats and cascos 
go up the Pasig River. Large 
steamboats stay out in the bay. 
They bring sugar, hemp, tobacco, 
fruits, coconuts, chocolate, coffee 
and cloth, from the other islands 
and provinces. 

The large steamboats come from 
countries in Asia, Europe, and 


Palace, Manila. 


Cathedral, Manila. 


Escolta, Manila. 


Pasig River, Manila. 






44 


America. They bring cotton, 
cloth, rice, silk, petroleum, paper, 
books, dishes, and many useful 
things. You can buy all of these 
things in the large stores in 
Binondo. 

On the streets people ride in 
carromatas, carriages, and electric 
cars. Manila has several news- 
papers. It has electric lights and 
an ice factory. 

Manila has many schools and 
churches. The Normal School is 
for young men and women who 
wish to be teachers. The Nautical 
School is for boys who wish to be 
sailors. The Trade School is for 
boys who wish to learn to be car- 
. penters, blacksmiths, or telegra- 
phers. At the University of Santo 
Tomas, you may study to be a 
doctor or a lawyer. 

At the Observatory men study 
the climate and storms and earth- 
quakes. They can tell the people 
when a baguio is coming. 

In the evening many people go 
to the Luneta. This is an open 
park on the bay. They bathe in 
the water or sit in the cool breeze. 


They listen to the music of the 
bands. They can see the large 
ships on the bay. They can see 
the blue mountains in Bataan 
across the bay. It is a pretty 
place. All kinds of people go 
there. 

In Manila many carriages and 
much furniture are made. There 
are several mills for sawing; lum- 
ber. There are also large build- 
ings where cigars and cigarettes 
are made. 

These buildings are called tobacco 
factories. In these factories cigars are 
made by men and women. They sit at 
tables. They work very rapidly. 

The cigarettes are made by ma- 
chinery. The tobacco is put into a 
machine, which rolls it in paper. The 
machine cuts the rolls into cigarettes. 
Then the cigarettes are counted and put 
into packages. Many girls and women 
work in these factories. 

RIZAL AND LA LAGUNA 

These provinces are on Laguna 
cle Bay. They are noted for their 
fruits. Bananas, mangoes, oranges, 
santols, lemons, coconuts, and betel 
nuts are sent to Manila on boats 


45 


and rafts. * Small steamboats go 
up the Pasig River from Manila. 
They visit the important towns on 
the lake. 

Coconut. — There are many coconut 
groves on the shore of the lake. The 
nuts are tied together in large numbers, 


to make rafts. These rafts are floated 
down the Pasig River to Manila. Here 
the nuts are sold. 

The husks are taken off. The shells 
are cut open. The meat is taken out 
and dried. This dried meat of the coco- 
nut is called copra. 

Coconut oil is made by putting the 
meat in tubs. There is a hole in the 
bottom of each tub. The tubs are set in 
the sun. The oil runs through the hole 
into a jar. The oil is used for lights, 
for food, for making soap, and in many 
other ways. 


The husks of the nuts are often made 
into hats. The shells are used for 
cups and ladles. The fibers of the 
husks are used to make mats and ropes. 
It is dried and used to stop leaks in 
boats. 

The stems of coco palms are used for 
wood. They are used for posts in 


houses. Sometimes the trees are con- 
nected by poles. The poles are used as 
bridges. The leaves are used for mak- 
ing mats, hats, and the sides and roofs 
of houses. 

The sap of the tree is also gathered. 
A flower bud is cut. The sap flows out. 
It is caught in a bamboo joint. The 
sap, called tuba , is collected twice each 
day. The tuba is made into wine and 
vinegar. 

Copra and coconut oil are very 
valuable products of the Philippine 



Coconut rafts. 


46 


Islands, and the coco palm is one 
of our most useful trees. 

Pasig is the capital of Rizal 
province. Malabon is a large city 
near Manila Bay. It has large 
factories for making cigarettes and 
sug-ar. 

o 

Santa Cruz is the capital of La 
Lacuna. Los Banos is noted for 
its hot springs and baths. 

The people of these 
provinces are Tagalogs. 

CAVITE 

Near Manila Bay, the 
land is low. On this 
lowland much rice and 
sugar cane are raised. 

Nearer the mountains 
coffee, corn, and cotton grow. The 
people make much cloth of cotton. 
They are Tagalogs. 

The most important city is 
Cavite. It is the capital. It is 
a port. It has a good harbor. 
Many of the people are fisher- 
men. 

Fishing. — Fish is a very important 
food of our people. Fishes are caught 
in the rivers with hooks and lines, in 


baskets, and in traps. Men often wade 
in the water with nets. 

Near the shores of Manila Bay long 
bamboo fences are made in the water. 
At the end of the fence a pen or corral 
is made. In this many fish are caught. 

Some fishermen use a large net on 
the end of a long pole. The net is low- 
ered to the bottom. It is raised by pull- 
ing down the pole. 

In the rice fields and in the muddy 


ponds mudfish and eels are caught. 
Crabs and turtles are also caught in 
nets and traps. 

Review. — 1. What provinces are on 
the plain in central Luzon ? 

2. What are the most important 
products of these provinces ? 

3. What peoples live in these prov- 
inces ? 

4. Between what cities do the rail- 
roads go ? 

5. Tell how rice is raised. 



Fishing boats. 



47 


6. What is an important occupation 
in Zambales and Bataan ? 

7. Tell how lumber is made. 

8. Write what you can about the 
Negritos. 

9. Name some of the things that 
you could buy in Manila. 

10. What schools are in Manila ? 

11. How are cigars and cigarettes 
made ? 

12. What are the products of La La- 
guna ? 

13. How are they sent to Manila ? 

14. For what is the coco palm useful ? 

15. What peoples live in llizal and 
Cavite ? 

16. Tell in what ways fish are caught. 

SOUTHERN LUZON 

Batangas. — Batangas is south 
of Cavite. The country is hilly. 
The soil is very fertile. Coffee, 
rice, tobacco, cotton, cacao, coco- 
nuts, and many fruits grow here. 
The people raise many horses. The 
Batangas horses are large. They 
sell for good prices in Manila. The 
people weave much cloth and 
make fine hats. 

Coffee. — The best coffee grows in 
Batangas. Coffee also grows in Cavite, 
Tayabas, La Laguna, Benguet, and other 
provinces. 



Coffee tree. 


Coffee grows on small trees. The 
flowers are small and white. They have 
a sweet odor. The coffee berries grow 
on the little branches. 

The berries are picked. They are 
then spread in the sun to dry. The 
place where coffee is dried is called 
bilaran. The ground is made hard and 
smooth. When the berries are hard, 
they are pounded in a mortar. This 
takes off the husks. The berries are 
then cleaned and sold. 

Coffee seeds are first planted in a 
small piece of land. The young trees 
are then planted where they are to grow. 

Three times each year the berries 
grow on the trees. The berries are 
gathered in the months between July 
and December. 

In Batangas is Lake Taal. In 
this lake is Taal Volcano. 

The people are Tagalogs. The 


48 


capital is Batangas. It is a sea- 
port in Batangas Bay. 

Tayabas is a long province. 
The Sierra Madre extends through 
it. Polillo and Marinduque, two 
large islands, belong to this prov- 
ince. 

The capital is Lucena . The 
people are Tagalogs. Some Ne- 
gritos and other wild peoples live 
in the mountains. 

The mountains are covered with 
forests. Coco palms grow along the 
shores. The people make coconut 
oil, hats, cloths, jars, mats, and 
bancas. The people also gather the 
flowers of the ilaim-ilang;. A sweet 
perfume is made from these flowers. • 

On Marinduque hemp and rice 
are raised. ' The women weave 
sinimay. 

AMBOS CAMARINES, ALB AY, AND 

SORSOGON 

These provinces are farthest 
south in Luzon. They are moun- 
tainous. There are plains in Ca- 
marines. On these rice is raised. 

Mayon Volcano is in Albay. It 
is very high. It is one of the 


most beautiful mountains in the 
world. The picture on page 32 
shows a cloud of steam coming 
from its top. 

Hemp, rice, and copra are the 
most important products. The 
people also make fine hats, petates, 
and sinimay. The people are 
mostly Bicols and Tagalogs. 

Neuva Car ceres is the capital of 
Ambos Camarines. Ddet is a large 
seaport. 

Albay is the capital of Albay. 
The province of Sorsogon includes 
the islands Masbate, Ticao, and 
Bunas. Sorsogon is the capital. 

The people of Masbate are Visa- 
yans, Bicols, and Tagalogs. They 
raise much rice, corn, camotes, and 
hemp. They make petates and 
bayones, or bags for sugar. Much 
copra is also made. Masbate is 
the largest town. 

Hemp. — Hemp, sugar, rice, fish, and 
copra are the most important products 
of our country. Hemp is the most valu- 
able of these products. Hemp is a fiber 
found in the abaca plant. The abaca 
plant looks much like a banana tree. 

These provinces produce most hemp. 
The island of Maranduque produces the 


49 


best hemp. Abaca also grows in the 
Visayan Islands and in parts of Minda- 
nao. This plant grows best in the 
Philippines. 

The young plants are set two meters 
apart. They grow three years. Then 
they are about four meters high. When 
tha flowers come, the plant is cut. The 
stem is split into strips. The strips are 
put in the sun to dry. 



Making hemp rope. 


The strips are then drawn under a 
knife. The knife scrapes away the pulp. 
The fibers are now clean. They are long 
and white. 

Some fibers are coarse and some are fine. 
The coarse fibers are used for making 
rope. The fine fibers are used for making 
cloth. The finest hemp cloth is called 
lupis. Coarse hemp cloth is sinimay. 

The hemp fibers are tied in bundles. 
The bundles are sent to Manila. Here 
they are sold. The hemp is sent to 
America and Europe. Here it is used 


in making paper, ropes, strings, and 
in many other ways. 

ISLAND PROVINCES 

Romblon and Mindoro provinces 
are groups of islands. The islands 
are hilly and mountainous. Min- 
doro is covered with forests. 

The people of Romblon are Vi- 
sayans. Romblon has a good har- 
bor. It has marble quarries. 
Romblon is the capital. 

Mindoro is very mountainous. 
Much rain falls. .The mountains 
are covered with forests. The 
people are mostly Yisayans and 
Tagalogs. They live in towns 
along the coasts. The important 
products are lumber and rattan. 
A wild tribe lives in the mountains. 
They are called Mangy anes. 

Review. — 1. What are the most im- 
portant products of Batangas ? 

2. Tell how coffee is raised. 

3. What volcano is in Batangas ? 

4. What provinces raise most hemp ? 

5. How is the hemp fiber prepared? 

6. For what are the fibers used ? 

7. Where do the Bfcols live ? 

8. What are some of the products of 
the island provinces ? 

9. What peoples live on Mindoro ? 



50 


N O R T H 124 



122 Longitude 


East 


SOUTH 124 


from 


Greenwich 


THE VISAYAN ISLANDS 

Map Questions. — 1. What six large 
islands are on this map ? 

2. Which of these Visayan Islands 
borders on the Pacific Ocean ? 

3. What sea is west of Panay ? 

4. What strait is between Panay 
and Negros? 

5. What strait is between Negros 
and Cebd ? 

6. What strait is between Leyte and 
Samar ? 

7. What is the capital of Samar ? 


8. What is the capital of Leyte ? 

9. On what side of Cebu is the city 
of Cebu? 

10. What are the names of the prov- 
inces on the island of Negros? 

11. On what strait is Bacolod ? 

12. What island is near Dumaguete? 

13. What sea is south of Bohol ? 

14. What provinces are on Panay ? 

15. What is the capital of each prov- 
ince ? 

16. On what strait is Iloilo ? 

17. Between what sea and ocean are 
the Visayan Islands ? 


51 


THE VISAYAN ISLANDS 

The Visayan Islands consist of 
six large islands and many small 
< islands. The people are Visayans. 
They dress and live like the people 
of Luzon. 

They use the vaca to pull their 
carts, and often their carromatas. 
The vaca is clean. It does not 
like the water. It can travel 
rapidly. It is strong. It is also 
used for plowing. The carabao is 
also used. 

Hemp, rice, sugar, and cacao 
are the most important products. 
The people also raise much corn. 
It is roasted on the cob and eaten. 
Sometimes it is ground into meal. 
Many of the people on these 
islands eat corn meal instead of 
rice. 

Panay. — Panay has three prov- 
inces. They are Antique, Iloilo, 
and Capiz. Mountain chains sepa- 
rate the provinces. There are 
many rivers and low, fertile plains 
near the coasts. 

Hemp, sugar, rice, coffee, choc- 
olate, and cloth are important 


products. The people also raise 
cattle and make alcohol. 

Iloilo is the largest city. It 
is an important seaport. It has a 
large trade in sugar and cloth. 

Weaving is a very important occupa- 
tion in Iloilo province. Here much 
tine cloth is woven. The cloth is made 
by women. 



Weaving jusi. 


Coarse cloth is made of hemp. Jusi 
is made of silk and fine fibers of hemp. 
Pina is made of fibers from the leaves 
of the pineapple plant. Pina is soft. 
Lupis is stiff and hard. 

Much jusi is also made in Batangas, 
and in Bulacan. In Batangas, Cavite, 
and Ilocos Norte cloth is made of cot- 
ton. 

Most of the people weave on hand 
looms. The looms are usually in the 
houses. In some towns there is a loom 
in nearly every house. (XX.) 



52 


Negros. — Negros has two prov- 
inces. They are Negros Occi- 
dental and Negros Oriental. 
They are separated by a chain 
of mountains. 

The soil is very fertile. There 
are many small rivers and fertile 
valleys. Sugar, rice, hemp, cacao, 
and cattle are the most 
important products. 

The people are Visa- 
yans. On the mountains 
there are some Negritos. 

Bacolod is the capital 
of the Negros Occidental. 

It has a large trade in 
sugar. It has no harbor. 

Small boats take the sugar 
and other things to Iloilo. 

Dumaguete is the capi- 
tal of Negros Oriental. Siquijor 
Island is a part of this province. 

Sugar. — Much sugar is made in 
Negros, Panay, Pampanga, Batangas, 
Cavite, and Tarlac. Sugar cane grows 
best in Negros Occidental. 

Sugar cane is planted in November 
and December. Pieces of the cane or 
stems of the plant are put into the 
ground in rows. The young plants 
must often be cultivated. 


A year after the planting the canes 
are cut. The leaves are taken off. The 
canes are hauled to a mill. Here they 
are crushed between iron or stone roll- 
ers which squeeze out the juice or sap. 
Some of the farmers have steam engines 
which turn the crushers. In most places 
carabaos are used to turn the crushers. 

The juice is put into large vats. In 
these it is boiled until it becomes sugar. 


Boiling sap. 

In Pampanga the sugar is put into 
large jars, called pilones. The pilones 
are set over other jars. Molasses runs 
through a hole in the pilone. This 
molasses is given to horses and pigs 
Good molasses is made of the boiling 
sap just before it becomes sugar. 

In Negros the sap is boiled in vats. 
Then it is put into wooden trays and 
beaten with paddles. It becomes yellow 
sugar. The sugar is then dried and put 
into bags, called bay ones. 



53 



Cebu from the sea. 


The Filipinos use most of this sugar. 
Some of it is sent to China, Europe, and 
America. 

Cacao. — Cacao is cultivated in Negros 
Oriental, La Laguna, Iloilo, and other 
provinces. From the seeds of this plant 
chocolate is made. 

The beans grow in pods on the trees. 
There are about twenty beans in each 
pod. The beans are taken out of the 
pods and dried in the sun. Then they 
are roasted. The shells are taken off 
the beans. The beans are ground into 
meal. This meal is chocolate. Choco- 
late makes a good drink. It is also used 
in making candy and cakes. 

Cebu. — Cebu is a long, narrow 
island. A chain of mountains 
runs through the center of the 
island. 

Hemp, sugar, copra, and corn 
are important products. There 
are groves of coco palms along the 


shores. Coal and petroleum are 
found in the mountains. 

The people are Visayans. Most 
of them are farmers. Many are 
fishermen. Some make copra, 
coconut oil, salt, sinimay, and 
bayones. 

Cebu is the capital. It is one 
of the most important cities of the 
Philippine Islands. It has a good 
harbor. 

The cirecci palm grows everywhere 
in the islands. The nut with some lime 
is wrapped in a leaf of the betel plant. 
It is then used for chewing. It makes 
the lips and teeth very red and dark. 
The people everywhere chew betel nut. 

Bohol is the smallest of the 
Visayan Islands. The surface is 
hilly. The soil is not so fertile 
as in the other islands. 



54 


There are many coral reefs 
along its shores. The people are 
Visayans. They raise rice, corn, 
and tobacco. They catch turtles 
and sell their shells. They also 
catch trepang. Trepang is a kind 
of seaworm. It is used for food. 
The people weave piha and cotton 
cloth. Tagbilctran is the capital. 

Leyte and Samar. — These two 
islands are separated by San Jua- 
nico Strait. They have many 
mountains and many wide valleys. 

The mountains are covered with 
forests. Much lumber is made in 
Leyte. The women make fine 
cloth. Most of the people make 
hemp and copra. 

Taclobcm is the capital of Leyte. 
It has a good harbor. It sends 
much hemp and copra to Manila. 
Cascos and small sailing boats are 
made here. 

Ccitbalogan is the capital of 
Samar. 

Review. — 1. What large islands are 
included in the Visayan Islands ? 

2. What are the important products? 

3. What kinds of cloth are made in 
Iloilo ? 


4. For what product is Negros 
noted ? 

5. Tell how sugar is made. 

6. What provinces supply most 
sugar ? 

7. What provinces are on Panay ? 

8. Tell how chocolate is made. 

9. What are the products of Cebu ? 

10. What are the two largest cities 
in the Visayan Islands ? 

11. What are the two most important 
products of Leyte ? 

Palawan. — The province of Pal- 
awan includes the lars;e island of 
Palawan, the Calamianes Islands, 
and the Cuyo Islands. The peo- 
ple are like Visayans. In the 
mountains of Palawan live the Tag- 
banuas. There are also some Ne- 
gritos and other uncivilized people. 

The Tagbdnucis form the largest tribe. 
They are peaceful. They live on the 
hills and on the mountains. They raise 
rice and camotes. They gather honey, 
wax, and nipa. 

Their houses are small. They usually 
move each year. They have no cattle 
and no carabaos. They are governed by 
chiefs and by old men. When some one 
has done wrong, he is taken before the 
council of old men. They tell how he 
shall be punished. 

The Tagbanuas can read and write. 




55 



They have an alphabet of their own. 
They use blowguns. They shoot poi- 
soned arrows. 

Puerto Princesci is the capital 
of Palawan. It has a beautiful 
harbor. Here the people sell bees- 
wax, honey, birds’ nests, nutmegs, 
and lumber. 

The Cuyo Islands have a health- 
ful climate. The people gather 


birds’ nests, tortoise shells, and 
trepang. They raise rice, cacao, 
and cattle. 

On the Calamianes Islands there 
are large forests. The people 
raise cattle and rice. They gather 
trepang and birds’ nests. 

These birds’ nests are eaten by the 
people and by the Chinese. The Chinese 
use them for making soups. The nest 


is about as large as a peso. They are 
found on high rocks, along the shores of 
Palawan and Calamianes Islands, and 
on the eastern shore of Northern Luzon. 
The nests are made by the swallow. The 
nests look like white jelly. 

Study Map Questions on page 57 before taking 

up the text. 

MINDANAO 

Mindanao is nearly as large as 
Luzon. Its coast is very 
irregular. It has many 
gulfs, bays, and good 
harbors. 

Surface. — There are 
three important moun- 
tain chains. The Suri- 
gao Mountains are on 
the eastern side. The 
Cottabato Mountains are 
in the central part. The Zambo- 
anga Mountains are in the western 
part. Mount Apo is near the 
Gulf of Davao. It is the highest 
mountain in the Philippines. 

Rivers. — Mindanao has two 
large rivers. They are the Agu- 
san River and the Cottabato River. 
These rivers have large valleys. 
In some places these valleys are 



Cuyo, from the sea. 








n 


JJVujs 


f'MiriP \f 


M M »,n'' 


m#*. 


MINDANAO 


broad, low plains. In the wet sea- 
son they are covered with water. 

Climate. — The eastern part of 
Mindanao is cool. Much rain falls 
in the Surigao Mountains. In 
some places rain falls in each 
month of the year. 

Provinces. — Mindanao has three 
provinces. They are Surigao, 
Misamis, and Moro Province. 

Peoples. — The peoples are Visa- 
yans, Moros, and many civilized 
tribes. 

The Visayans live mostly in 
Surigao and Misamis . They came 
from the Visayan Islands. They 
live like the other Visayan peoples. 

They raise hemp, tobacco, and 
rice, and make copra. 

The capital of Surigao is Suri- 
gao. Cagayan is the capital of 
Misamis. 

The Moros live in Moro Prov- 
ince. This province is divided 
into five districts. These districts 
are : Davao, Cottabato, Lanao, 

Zamboanga, and Sulu Islands. 
There is a governor in each dis- 
trict. Each governor is appointed 
by the governor of Moro Province. 


Map Questions. — 1. In what part of 
the Philippines is Mindanao ? 

2. What sea is south of Mindanao ? 

3. What ocean is east of Mindanao ? 

4. What two seas are north of Min- 
danao ? 

5. What islands are southwest of 
Mindanao ? 

6. What bays are on the northern 
coast ? 

7. What bay is on the western coast? 

8. What gulf is on the southern 
coast ? 

9. What provinces are in the north- 
ern part of Mindanao ? 

10. What province forms a peninsula 
on the western part ? 

11. What large river is in Cottabato 
province ? 

12. Where is Agusan River ? 

13. Into what bay does it flow ? 

14. What mountains are along the 
eastern coast? 

15. AVhat mountains are on the west- 
ern side of the Agusan River ? 

16. Find Mount Apo. 

17. Where is the city of Surigao ? 

18. Where is Butuan ? Where is 
the city of Davao ? Where is Dapitan ? 

19. On what strait is the city of 
Zamboanga ? 

20. Find Cagayan. Find Hagan. 

21. What are the two largest islands 
of the Sulu Islands? 


58 


to the towns of the 
Christian Filipinos. 
They burned the 
towns. They killed 
many people. They 
carried away many 
men, women, and chil- 
dren to be slaves. 
FTow they have a good 
government. They 
cannot be pirates. 
They cannot fight 
other people. They 
will become peaceful 
and industrious like 
the Christian Fili- 
pinos. 

The soil of the 
district of Minda- 




The Moros are Mo- 
hammedans. They 

live in tribes. Each 

% 

tribe has its chief, 
called datto. All the 
dattos are under one 
chief, called the Sul- 
tan. The Sultan lives 
on the island of Jolo. 

The people and the 
dattos do not always 
obev the Sultan. 

The Moros are 
strong. Many of them 
like to fight with 
swords and spears. 

They have only a lit- 
tle education. Only 
about one tenth of the 
people can read and 
write. 

The Moros like 
brightlycolored cloth- 
ing. The men wear tight trousers. The 
women wear tight camisas and loose 
skirts or trousers. They are very re- 
ligious. They go to church on Friday 
and not on Sunday. Friday is their 
Sunday. 

The Moros are fond of the water. 
They are good sailors. They often build 
their houses over the water. They build 
bamboo bridges to the shore. They tie 
their boats to their houses. 

Many years ago the Moros were 
pirates. Their warriors went in praos 


nao is very fertile. 

Moro datto and bride. The MorOS raise 

rice, hemp, coffee, cacao, and corn. 






Moro houses. 




59 




They make copra and oil. The 
mountains are covered with for- 
ests. In the forests the rubber 
tree grows. Gold is found in the 
mountains. 

Pearl fishing is an important occupa- 
tion for many of the people of the Sulu 
Islands. Pearls are found in oysters. 
The best oysters grow in the shallow 
water about the Tawi-Tawi 
Islands. The Moros are good 
divers. They dive to the bot- 
tom and get the oysters. The 
best are found where the water 
is nearly a hundred meters 
deep. 

The Moros also catch many 
sharks. They sell the tails 
and the bus to the Chinese. 


Bagobos, Subanos, Tiruyas, Atas, and 
Bilans. 

The Manobos live in the valley of the 
Agusan Biver. The name Manobo 
means man of the river. The Subanos 
live in Zamboanga district. The other 
tribes live on the mountains about the 
Gulf of Davao. 

Most of these people build their 
houses on the tops of the hills or on the 
steep slopes of the mountains. The 







Zamboanga is the capi- 
tal of the Moro Province. It has 
many stone buildings. It has 
good roads and clean streets. 
Hemp, copra, and rubber are sold 
here. 

Jolo is the capital of the Sulu 
Islands. It is a seaport. 

In Mindanao there are many wild 
tribes. They form nearly one half of 
the population. The most important of 
these tribes are the Manobos, Mandayas, 


Pearl fishing. 

houses are often built in trees. They 
are made of poles and grass. They are 
tied together with bejuco. 

They raise rice and camotes. They 
gather honey and wax. The women 
do most of the work. They weave 
beautiful cloth of cotton and hemp. 
They make petates, hats, and sacks. 

The men often wear their hair long, 
or tied in a knot. The women wear 
many brass rings and other ornaments. 
Some people file their teeth to sharp 
points, or blacken them. 



60 


The Bilans are very 
timid. They hide in the 
forests when a stranger 
comes to their towns. 

The tribes are governed 
by chiefs. 

The men carry lances, 
shields, and swords. 

The Subanos use the 
bow and arrows. Most 
of these people look 
much like the civilized 
Filipinos. They have 
never had schools and a 
good government. The 
tribes have always been at war with 
each other. The Moros have used them 
as slaves. Sometime they may have 
towns and become civilized like our- 
selves. 

GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES 

Except m the Moro Province, in each 
town there is a president or mayor. 
He has charge of the town. He is 
assisted by a vice president and by 
councilors. The councilors represent 
the people of the barrios. The president, 
vice president, and councilors are elected 
by the people. There are also in each 
town a justice of the peace, police, and 
other officials. 

The islands are divided into thirty- 
nine provinces and the city of Manila 
which has a government like a province. 


Except in the Moro 
Province, each province 
has a governor. He is 
elected by the council- 
ors from the towns in 
his province. There is 
also a treasurer, a super- 
visor, and a fiscal. The 
treasurer and the super- 
visor are chosen by the 
Governor of the Islands. 

The treasurer has 
charge of all the money 
spent by the province 
or by the towns. The 
supervisor has charge of the roads, 
bridges, and public buildings. Th q fiscal 
advises about the laws. He also tells 
how people who do not obey the laws 
shall be punished. 

The laws for all the provinces and 
all the people are made in Manila. 
They are made by the Governor and 
seven Commissioners. The Governor 
and the Commissioners are chosen by 
the President of the United States. The 
Governor is an American. Four Com- 
missioners are Americans. Three Com- 
missioners are Filipinos. The Governor 
and Commissioners are to be assisted by 
an Assembly. In the assembly there are 
to be one or more persons from each 
province. 

Review. — 1 . What provinces are on 
Mindanao ? 



Bagobo warrior. 



2. Wliat districts are included in the 
Moro Province ? 

3. Write a composition about the 
Moros. 

4. What other peoples live on Min- 
danao ? 

5. What are the most important 
products of these provinces ? 

6. On what island does the sultan of 
the Moros live ? 

7. Where are pearls found ? 

8. What are the largest cities in 
these provinces ? 


Steamboat. 




Study Map Questions on page 63 before taking 

up the text. 

NORTH AMERICA 

The Philippine Islands are now 
a part of the United States. The 
United States is a country in 


Indians and wigwam. 


North America. To go to North 
America we must cross the Pacific 
Ocean. We can cross the ocean 
on large steamboats. They go 
day and night. In about twenty 
days they reach the United States. 
The “ Americans” come from 
North America. 

People. — Most of the 
people in North Amer- 
ica belong to the White 
Race. There are many 
Indians, Negroes, and 
Eskimos. 

The Indians. — Once 
all the natives of North 
America were Indians. 
White people first came 
to America in 1492. 



W EST 



ARCTIC 


L. Winnipeg 


.St. Lax)\renc* 


Winnip 


Philadelphia 

r ASHlNGTO.^ 


5 Chicago 


it. Louis 


^i-New ^ 

Orleans ‘ 
F O F 

X I c o_ 

— HAVANA- 


CENTRAL 


AMERICA 


EQUATOR 


120 Longitude West 100 S O U T H from Greenwich 80 


NORTH 


o*° 




NORTH AMERICA 


SCALE- OF MILES 


500 1000 

SCALE OF KILOMETERS 


5 1000 2000 

Same scale as the maps of South America, 
Asia, Africa, and Australia 


63 


NORTH AMERICA 

Map Questions. — 1. In what continent 
is North America ? 

2. What ocean is between the Phil- 
ippine Islands and North America? 

3. Between what oceans is North 
America ? 

4. What ocean is north of America ? 

5. What countries are in North 
America ? 

6. What country is north of the 
United States? 

7. What country is south of the 
United States ? 

8. What country is between Mexico 
and South America ? 

9. What islands are east of Mex- 
ico? 

10. What are the names of the larg- 
est of the West Indies Islands ? 

11. What island is east of Canada? 

12. What large island is northeast of 
Canada ? 

13. Find Alaska. It is a part of the 
United States. What strait is between 
Alaska and Asia ? 

14. What gulf is south of the United 
States ? 

15. What sea is south of the West 
Indies ? 

16. What bay is in Canada ? 

17. What mountains are in the east- 
ern part of the United States ? 

18. What mountains are in the west- 
ern part of North America? 


19. Between the Bocky Mountains 
and the Appalachian Mountains there is 
a large plain. It extends from the Arctic 
Ocean into the Gulf of Mexico. What 
large rivers are on this plain ? 

20. What large river flows into the 
Gulf of Mexico ? 

21. Find the large lakes between 
Canada and the United States. 

22. What large river is the outlet 
of these lakes? 

The Indians lived in tents, which 
were made of the skins of ani- 
mals. They made their boats or 
canoes of the bark of the trees. 
They used bows and arrows. They 
lived by hunting and fishing. 
They were savages. 

The Indians are tall and strong. 
Their color is red. Many Indians 
now live in North America. Some 
of them have large farms and 
good houses. They send their 
children to schools and colleges. 

The Negroes. — In the southern 
part of the United States there 
are many Negroes. Negroes also 
live in Mexico and the West In- 
dies. The first Negroes in America 
came from Africa. Many years 
ago they were brought to America. 


100 N O R T H 





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65 


They were slaves. They worked 
on large farms, where sugar cane, 
cotton, and tobacco were raised. 
They are free now. 

The Eskimos live in Greenland 
and near the Arctic Ocean. 

THE UNITED STATES 

Map Questions. — 1. What country 
is north of the United States? 

2. What country and what gulf are 
south of the United States ? 

3. What ocean is on the east side ? 

4. What ocean is on the west side ? 

5. What lakes are between Canada 
and the United States? 

6. What river is the outlet of these 
lakes ? 

7. What mountains are in the east- 
ern part of the United States? 

8. What mountains are in the west- 
ern part ? 

9. What large river is on the 
plains between these mountains ? 

10. What are the names of the 
largest branches of this river ? 

11. What large river flows into the 
Pacific Ocean ? 

12. What large river flows into the 
Gulf of California? 

13. What states border on the Pa- 
cific Ocean ? 

14. In what state is San Francisco ? 

15. Where is Seattle ? 


16. What states border on the Atlan- 
tic Ocean ? 

17. In what state is Boston ? 

18. Find New York. Find Phila- 
delphia. 

19. Where is New Orleans? On 
what river is it ? 

20. In what state is St. Louis ? On 
what river is it? 

21. On what lake is Chicago? 

22. In what state is Pittsburg ? 

THE UNITED STATES 

The United States is in the 
North Temperate zone. 

In the Temperate Zones , there 
are four seasons. They are Sum- 
mer, Autumn , Winter , and Spring. 

The summer is the warm season. 
The weather then is much like the 
weather here. The days are longer 
than the nights. The trees are 
covered with leaves. The fruits 
and grains become ripe. There 
are many birds. 

In the autumn the air becomes 
cooler. Most of the leaves fall 
to the ground. The leaves of 
some trees become beautifully col- 
ored. These colored trees make 
the country beautiful. The grains 


66 # 


and fruits are gathered. Many 
birds fly south to a warmer climate. 
Some birds stay all winter. 

In the winter the ground is 
frozen. The rivers and lakes are 
often covered with ice. The rain, 
when it falls, is often frozen into 


little balls of ice called Hail . Some- 
times it falls in Snow . Snow looks 
like little white feathers. It is 
soft and white. It often covers 
the ground two or three feet deep. 
The children play in the snow. 
They ride on it on sleds and 
sleighs. They skate on the ice. 


In winter the nights are long and 
the days are short. Most of the 
people of the earth live in the 
Temperate Zones. 

In the spring the weather little 
by little becomes warmer. Leaves 
and flowers grow from the buds 
on the trees and plants. 
The whole country be- 
comes green and full of 
sweet - smelling flowers. 
The farmers begin to 
plow, and to sow. The 
birds return. They sing 
and build their nests. 
The whole country seems 
beautiful and happy. 

The United States is 
a large country. It has 
nearly fifty states. They 
are united into one coun- 
try. 

Most of the people of the 
United States are white. Their 
parents came from Europe. They 
first settled in the towns along 
the Atlantic Coast. The first 
town was begun in 1607. Then 
the Indians lived everywhere in 
North America. The white people 



Americans. 

(President Eoosevelt and his family.) 


67 


went farther and farther west, 
until they came to the Pacific 
Ocean. 

THE PACIFIC STATES 

When we go to the United 
States from Manila, our ship stops 
at San Francisco or at 
Seattle. 

San Francisco is on a 
beautiful harbor. It is 
the largest seaport on 
this coast. The houses 
are built of stones or 
brick or wood. The 
streets are covered or 
paved with stone. The 
people ride in carriages 
and on electric cars. 

Some people ride in au- 
tomobiles. 

In April, 1906, the 
city was nearly destroyed by an 
earthquake and by fire. 

Several railroads end in this 
city. The engines and the cars 
are large. The trains often go 
more than sixty miles in an hour. 
Some cars have beds. People 
ride in them all niodit. 

O 


The climate in the states along 
this coast is warm and pleasant. 

Along the coast there are low 
mountains. Beyond these moun- 
tains there is a wide valley. Be- 
yond this valley there are high 
mountains. In this valley much 


fruit and wheat are raised. Sheep 
and cattle are raised on the hills. 
There are rich gold mines in the 
mountains. 

California is noted for its fruits. 
Oranges, peaches, and grapes are 
raised. A field where grapes are 
raised is called a vineyard. 



Grapes in a California vineyard. 



68 



Grand Canyon of the Colorado. 


Some of the fruit is sent to the 
eastern part of the United States. 
Much of it is dried. 

In Washington and Oregon 
there are large forests. The trees 
are cut. Then they are sawed 
into lumber. Some of this lum- 
ber is brought to the Philippines. 
Here it is used in building houses. 
In California there are some very 
large trees. Some of them are 
four meters thick and about a 
hundred meters high. 

In the Columbia River many 
salmon are caught. They are fish 
about a meter long. They are 
cooked. Their meat is put into 
cans, and then sent to other states 
and countries. 

Seattle is on a beautiful bay. 
It is a very important seaport. 


Steamships go from Seattle to 
Japan, China, and other countries. 

From Seattle and San Fran- 
cisco railroads go to the eastern 
part of the United States. San 
Francisco is over four thousand 
kilometers from New York. 

THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN STATES 

In going east from California 
we must first cross the Sierra Ne- 
vada Mountains. They are high. 
Beyond these mountains there is 
a large plateau. The Rocky 
Mountains are on the eastern bor- 
der of the plateau. The climate 
on this plateau is hot in summer. 
It is very dry. Much of the 
plateau is a desert. 

The Colorado River flows 
through this plateau. It has a 




G9 


deep, narrow valley. In some 
places the banks of the river are 
more than a kilometer limb. 

o 

North of this plateau, in Wash- 
ington and Idaho, there is more 
rain. The valleys are fertile. 
Much fruit and sheep and cattle 
are raised. 

These states have rich mines of 
gold, silver, iron, copper, lead, and 
coal. Deep holes are dug into 
the earth. Some mines are more 
than a kilometer deep. 

East of the Rocky Mountains 
the country is a high plain. The 
climate is too dry for farming, 
but thousands of sheep and cattle 
are raised. Some men own thou- 
sands of hectares. On this land 
they have many herds of cattle. 
Horsemen, called “ cowboys,” 
watch the cattle. The sign of 
the owner is marked on the young 
cattle with a hot iron. 

The cattle are sent in cars to 
St. Louis and Chicago. Here they 
are put into large yards called 
stockyards . Then they are killed. 
The meat of cattle is called beef. 
Some of the beef is sent in cars 


with ice to other cities. Some of 
it is put into tin cans. The hides 
are used for making leather. Glue 
is made of the hoofs. All parts of 
the animal are used for something. 

Denver is the largest city in this 
part of the United States. It is 
on the plain near the mountains. 

THE NORTHERN STATES 

These states extend from the 
Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic 

Ocean. The states in the Missis- 

% 

sippi Valley are very fertile. They 
produce much corn, wheat, and 
other grains. Cattle, pigs, and 
horses are raised. 

Apples, grapes, and peaches are 
common fruits. 

Coal, iron, and petroleum are 
found in many states. Pennsyl- 
vania is very rich in these 
products. 

To get petroleum a hole is made 
deep into the earth. The hole 
is only a few centimeters wide. 
It is made by a machine. It is 
often bored hundreds of meters 
deep, until oil is found. 


70 



Oil well. 


The oil often flows from the 
wells. Hundreds of barrels of oil 
may come from a well in a day. 
The oil is thick and greasy. From 
it kerosene is made. It is also 
used in many other ways. The 
kerosene is sent to Europe and to 
the Philippines. 


In the states in the Mississippi 
V alley, corn, wh eat, cattle, and pork 
are the most important products. 
Most of the people are farmers. 
Many of the farms have hundreds 
of hectares. The farm work is 
done by machinery, horses, and 
engines. 

Wheat. — To raise wheat, the 
ground is plowed and harrowed. 
The grain is then planted by 
machines called drills . When it is 
ripe, the wheat is cut by machines 
called reapers . The reapers tie 
the grain into bundles. The bun- 
dles are taken to another machine. 
This is a threshing machine. It 
takes the grain from the straw, 
and puts it into bags. 



Harvesting wheat. 





71 


The bags of grain are sent to 
the mills. In the mills it is made 
into flour. Flour is sent from 
these states to Asia, Europe, the 
Philippine Islands, and other 
countries. 

Corn. — In these states, in the 
summer, we can see thousands of 
kilometers of corn fields. Millions 
of hectoliters of corn are raised. 

Some of the corn is fed to cattle 
and pigs. The meat of the pigs is 
pork. Beef and pork are sent to 
the other parts of the United 
States. Meat and cattle are sent 
to Europe. 

Chicago is one of the largest 
cities in the world. It has many 



Railroad yards at Chicago. 

railroads. It has the largest wheat 
and corn market in the world. 
It sells most cattle, pork, and beef. 
It has large stockyards. Here the 
cattle are killed in large slaughter- 


houses. Pork and beef are put in 
cars with ice. The ice keeps the 
meat fresh. 

This city has many high build- 
ings. Its streets are wide and 
straight. There are many large 
stores. In these stores we can 
buy all kinds of machinery, cloth- 
ing, books, furniture, and many 
things to eat. Large steamboats 
on the lakes carry grain, meat, 
and other products. The people 
may ride about the city on electric 
cars or on railroads built above 
the streets. 

Chicago has fine parks. There 
are beautiful drives. It has libra- 
ries, schools, and colleges. 

St. Louis is a large city on the 
Mississippi River. The country 
around it is very fertile. Corn, 
wheat, tobacco, and meats are 
important products. Many boots 
and shoes are made here. Boots 
and shoes are made of leather. 
Some are made of rubber. Steam- 
ships go down the Mississippi River. 

Pittsburg makes much iron and 
steel. Petroleum is found near 
this city. 





Capitol, Washington. 


Philadelphia is a large city. It 
lias many factories. Carpets, rugs, 
clothing, sugar, engines, and cars 
are made here. 

Washington is the capital of the 
United States.- It is the most 
beautiful city in the country. 
Here the laws of the United States 
are made. The home of the Presi- 
dent is in the White House. 


New York is the largest city in 
the United States. It has a good 
harbor. It is a very rich city. It 
has many parks. Many of its 
buildings are very high. They are 
made of steel, bricks, and stones. 
It has two large bridges. They are 
more than a kilometer lonv Cars 

o 

run on railroads above the streets, 
and in tunnels under the ground. 



73 



Many newspapers and maga- 
zines are printed in New York. 
The American people like to read. 
The papers tell them about other 
towns, cities, and people 
in all parts of the world. 

People from many 
countries live in New 
York. Many thousands 
of people go to America 
each year. They wish 
to find new homes in a 
free country. They want 
their children to go to 
good schools. 

New York has many 
large schools. In the 
towns and cities there 
are primary schools and 
high schools for all the children. 
There are hundreds of colleges. 

THE SOUTHERN STATES 

The states in the southern part 
of the United States have long 
summers. The winters are mild. 
The land along the coasts and 
rivers is low. The mouths of the 
rivers form good harbors. 


On the lowlands much rice is 
raised. Cotton, sugar, corn, and 
tobacco are the most important 
products of these states. 


Rice is raised mostly in Loui- 
siana and South Carolina. The 
fields are irrigated. The land is 
first plowed and harrowed. 
Then the rice seeds are planted in 
rows. Then the ground is covered 
with water, until the plants are a 
few centimeters hig;h. When the 
rice is ripe, it is cut with reapers. 
It is threshed and hulled by ma- 
chines. 




74 


Cotton is a white fiber. Tt 
grows in a pod around the seed of 
a cotton plant. The plant grows 
about a meter high. When the 
cotton is ripe, the pods burst. 
The cotton fibers come out of the 
pod. Then the cotton is picked. 
There are seeds among the fibers. 


These seeds are taken out by a 
machine called the cotton gin. The 
cotton is now put into large bales. 
From the seed a valuable oil is 
made. 

The bales of cotton are sent to 
the factories where cotton cloth is 
made. The cotton is cleaned and 
made into thread. The thread is 


woven into cloth. All the work 
is done by machinery. 

Many fruits are raised. They 
are sold in the large cities in the 
Northern states. 

New Orleans is the largest cot- 
ton market in the world. Sugar, 
molasses, and tobacco are also sold 
here. 

Charleston is a sea- 
port. Rice, turpentine, 
and tar are sent from 
this port. 

NEW ENGLAND STATES 

Six states are called 
the New England states. 
They are in the north- 
eastern part of the U nited 
States. These states are 
small. The surface is 
hilly. The scenery is beautiful. 

Most of the people live in the 
cities and towns. They work 
in factories. Shoes, cotton and 
woolen cloth, and paper are made. 

The farms are small. The 
farmers raise grain, hay, fruits, 
and vegetables. On some farms 
many cows are kept. They give 



Picking cotton. 


much milk. The milk is sold in 
the cities. Some of it is made into 
butter and cheese. 

Boston is the largest city. It is 
on Massachusetts Bay. It has a 
good harbor. It is noted for its 
schools, museums, and libraries. 



Boston Public Library. 

Alaska belongs to the United 
States. The people are Eskimos 
and Indians. Many Americans 
also live here. They catch salmon. 
Many seal are also caught. 

Alaska is very rich in gold. 
Many of the people hunt for gold 
or work in the gold mines. The 
country is very cold in winter. 
The tops of the mountains are 
covered with snow. In some 
places streams of ice come from 


the mountains. These ice streams 
are called Glaciers. They move 



Glacier, Alaska. 


very slowly. When the glacier 
reaches the ocean, the ice breaks 
into pieces. 

OTHER COUNTRIES IN NORTH AMERICA 

Canada. — In Canada most of 
the people are English or French. 
Their parents come from England 
and France in Europe. 

In the northern part the climate 
is very cold. Only a few Indians 
live there by hunting and fishing. 

In the southern part of Canada 
the soil is very fertile. Large 
crops of grain are grown. Sheep 
and cattle are raised. There are 
large forests. In the Rocky 
Mountains coal, iron, and gold are 
found. Along the Atlantic Coast 

O 




76 


and in the lakes much fish is 
caught. More fish are caught near 
Newfoundland than anywhere else 
in the world. 

In the forests of Canada live 
bears, wolves, and deer. Some 
bears are as large as carabaos. 
They have long 
claws and can 
dim b trees. 

Wolves are like 
wild dogs. 

Ottawa is the 
capital. It has 
many beautiful 
buildings. 

Montreal is the 
largest seaport. 

In winter the St. 

Lawrence River is 
frozen. The peo- 
ple skate on the 
ice, walk on snowshoes, and slide, 
or coast down hill on sleds. 

Halifax has an excellent harbor. 

Victoria is an important port on 
the Pacific. Steamships go from 
here to countries about the Pacific 
Ocean. 

Greenland is in the North Frigid 


Zone. It is very cold. Only a 
few Eskimos live there. 

In this zone there are only two 
seasons. There is a long, dark 
winter and a short summer. In 
the winter the sun does not shine 
for many weeks. The summer is 

one long day. 
Many large ani- 
mals live there. 

Seals and wal- 
ruses live mostly 
in the water. 
They come out on 
the ice or on the 
land to breathe 
and rest. They eat 
fish. The whale 
is the largest ani- 
mal in the world. 
The polar bear is 
white like snow. 

When winter comes the birds 
flv south to a warmer climate. 
The insects hide away and sleep 
all winter. The bears also make 
deep holes in the snow and sleep 
for many weeks in the winter. 

In our dry season the frogs sleep 
in the ground, until the rains come 



Coasting in Canada. 


again. So the bears and some other 
animals sleep in the winter until 
the warm weather comes again. 

The Eskimos hunt and fish. 
They have no trees, no fruits, and 
no rice to eat. Their clothes are 
the skins of seals and 
bears. 

In the winter their 
houses are made of ice. 

In the summer they 
live in tents made of 
skins. 

Mexico. — Mexico is 
south of the United 
States. It has a warm 
climate. Most of the 
country is a plateau. The 
largest cities are on the plateau. 

The people speak Spanish. This 
country once belonged to Spain. 
Ships then went from Mexico to 
the Philippine Islands. Mexico 
has rich silver mines. The Mexi- 
can pesos were made of silver from 
these mines. Mexico is now an 
independent country. 

Most of the people are poor. 
Many of them live in low houses 
made of mud and straw. Thev 


raise coffee, bananas, pineapples, 
rice, and cattle and sheep. 

Mexico is the capital city. It 
is in a beautiful valley. Many of 
the churches and houses are like 
those in Manila. 


Central America. — Central 
America is larger than the Phil- 
ippine Islands. The climate is 
hot and moist. The people are 
Spaniards and Indians. 

Across the Isthmus of Panama 
a canal is being dug. Large ships 
will be able to go through this 
canal. 

West Indies. — In the West 
Indies there are five large islands 
and many small islands. Cuba 



Street in Mexico. 





and Hayti have independent gov- 
ernments. The people are Spanish 
and Negroes. Bananas, sugar, and 
tobacco are the important prod- 
ucts. 

Havana is the capital of Cuba. 
Porto Rico belongs to the United 
States. 

Review. — 1. What people live in 
North America ? 

2. What countries are in North 
America? 

3. When did the first white people 
go to the United States ? 

4. What states are along the Pacific 
Coast ? 

5. What are the products of these 
states ? 

6. For what is California noted ? 

7. Tell something you would like to 
see in these states. 

8. What mountains are east of Cali- 
fornia ? 

9. What minerals are found in these 
mountains ? 

10. Tell how cattle are raised and 
beef is made. 

11. Tell where petroleum is found 
and how kerosene is made. 

12. Tell how wheat is raised and 
made into flour. 

13. For what is corn used ? 

14. Describe Chicago. 


15. Tell something about the New 
England states. 

16. What are some of the products 
of Alaska ? 

17. What people live in Canada? 

18. Tell what you can about Mexico 
and the West Indies. 

SOUTH AMERICA 

Map Questions. — 1. What sea is 
north of South America ? 

2. Between what oceans is South 
America ? 

3. What isthmus connects South 
America and Central America ? 

4. What cape is at the southern end 
of South America ? 

5. What mountains are along the 
Pacific Coast ? 

6. Find some mountain chains in 
the eastern part. 

7. What river is in the central part 
of South America ? 

8. What countries are on the north- 
ern coast ? 

9. What countries are along the 
Pacific Coast ? 

10. What countries have no sea- 
coast ? 

11. What country is the largest ? 

12. Where is Pio Janeiro ? 

13. In what country is Buenos Aires ? 

14. Of what country is Santiago the 
capital ? 

15. Find Quito. 


80 


SOUTH AMERICA 

Surface and Rivers. — In South 
America the highest mountains 
are along the western coast. They 
are the Ancles Mountains. 

There are three large plains east 
of the Andes Mountains. There 
is a large river on each plain. 

The Amazon River is in the 
central part. This is the largest 
river in the world. The plains 
along the Amazon River are called 
the Silvas because they are cov- 
ered with forests. 



Scene in the silvas. 


The Orinoco River is in the 
northern part. The plains about 
this river are 
called Llanos. 

The Plata 
River is in the 
southern part. 

The plains 
around this 
river are called 
Pampas. The 
llanos and the 
pampas are 
grassy. Thou- 
sands of cattle 
and sheep are 
raised on them. South Amencan Indian - 

People. — Most of the people of 
South America are Indians. They 
are poor. Some of them are sav- 
ages. The other people are mostly 
Spanish, Portuguese, and Negroes. 
The Spanish and the Portuguese 
are the ruling people. Once all 
the countries of South America 
belonged to Spain and Portugal, 
but now they are republics. The 
ruler is called the president. He is 
chosen by the people. The people 
help make the laws. 



81 


ON THE PACIFIC COAST 

Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru 
are crossed by 'the Andes Moun- 
tains. Chile is west of the Andes 
Mountains. 

The coast of Colombia, Ecuador, 
and Peru is hot and dry. Much 
rain falls on the eastern side of the 
Andes. Most of the people live 
on the mountains. Here the cli- 
mate is cool and pleasant. In the 
mountains there are rich mines of 
gold and silver. 

The valleys and lowlands are 
very fertile. Coffee, sugar cane, 
cacao, bananas, and oranges are 
raised. On the highlands wheat, 
corn, and potatoes grow. 

In Chile the grains and fruits of 
the Temperate Zone grow. The 
climate is cool. Here the rain 
falls on the western side of the 
Andes. The eastern side is dry. 

Most of the work is done by the 
Indians. They lived here when 
the Spanish came to these coun- 
tries. The Indians of Ecuador and 
Peru had large cities. They built 
good roads of stone. They had 


houses, markets, and farms. They 
were rich. The Spanish conquered 
them. The Indians became slaves. 
The Spanish sent many shiploads 
of their silver and gold to Spain. 
The Ind ians are now very poor. 
Many of them are almost savages. 



Llama. 


The people use the llama for 
carrying loads over the mountains. 
The condor also lives in the Andes. 
It is the largest flying bird in the 
world. 

Quito is one of the highest cities 
in the world. It has a pleasant 
climate. The houses are made of 
brick, and have roofs of red tiles. 



82 


There are also many convents and 
churches. All of the buildings are 
low, because there are many earth- 
quakes in these countries. The 
women dress in black and wear 
black shawls on their 
heads. The Indians wear 
brightly colored clothes. 

Each tribe wears differ- 
ent colors. 

In Lima the houses 
are made of dried mud. 

The roofs are Hat. They 
are covered with earth 
and sand. Chickens are 
often raised on the roofs 
of the houses. The 
streets are narrow. 

Santiago and Valpa- 
raiso are beautiful cities. 

They have good streets and houses, 
and many fine buildings. The 
people are industrious. 

ON THE PAMPAS 

Argentina , Paraguay , and Uru- 
guay are on the grassy plain called 
the pampas. Most of the people 
live on large farms. They raise 
cattle, sheep, and wheat. From 


the sheep they get mutton, wool, 
and hides. From the cattle they 
get meat, tallow, and hides. 
Wool and beef are the most valu- 
able products. 


Most of the people speak Span- 
ish. In Paraguay there are many 
Indians. 

Buenos Aires is the largest city 
in South America. It has nearly 
a million people. It has many 
factories. It is a rich city. It has 
beautiful streets, houses, and parks. 

Montevideo is also a beautiful 
city. 



Scene in Buenos Aires. 




83 


ON THE SILVAS 

Brazil and Bolivia are mostly 
on the silvas. Most of the coun- 
try is covered with forests. In 
some places the trees, vines, and 
plants grow very closely together. 
Hundreds of monkeys live in the 
trees. There are many beautiful 
birds and butterflies. 

In the eastern part of Brazil 
there are several mountain chains. 
Here much coffee is raised. Most 


of the coffee used in the world is 
raised in Brazil. 

A part of Bolivia is on a high 
plateau in the Andes Mountains. 
It has rich mines of gold and 
silver. Many fruits are raised. 


The forests produce many valu- 
able woods. Here the rubber tree 
is found. From the sap of this 
tree rubber is made. The rubber 
tree also grows in Mindanao. 
Nuts and cacao are also found. 
The people are Portuguese, Span- 
ish, and Indians. 

Bio Janeiro is the capital of 
Brazil. It is a large city and has 
a beautiful harbor. It ships more 
coffee than any other city in the 
world. 

ON THE LLANOS 

Venezuela and Guiana 
are in the northern part 
of South America. Vene- 
zuela is mostly on the 
llanos. The Orinoco 
River flows through this 
plain. In the rainy sea- 
son it overflows its banks. 
In the drv season the 

J 

country is very dry. The grass 
dies. Sometimes many cattle die 
for want of water to drink. 

The soil is very fertile. Rice, 
coffee, cacao, and bananas are 
raised. In the mountains there 



Coffee plantation, Brazil. 



EAST 



a 

<4-1 

o 

Ck 

a 

a 

d) 

C/3 

Cj 


are mines of gold, silver, copper, 
and salt. 

In Guiana much sugar is made. 
Cacao and sugar are the most 
important products of these coun- 
tries. Guiana is not a republic. 
It belongs to three countries in 
Europe. 

The civilized people live in the 
cities and towns. Most of the 
people are Indians. 

Review. — 1. What peoples live in 
South America? 

2. What are the highest mountains 
in South America ? 

3. What large plains are east of 
these mountains ? 

4. What large river drains each of 
these plains ? 

5. What countries are mostly in the 
Andes Mountains ? 

6. Describe Quito. 

7. What countries are on the pam- 
pas ? 

8. What are the products of these 
countries ? 

9. What are. the products of Brazil ? 

10. What product would you buy in 
Rio Janeiro ? 

11. What countries are partly on the 
llanos ? 

12. What are some of the products 
of these countries ? 


EUROPE 

Map Questions. — 1. What ocean is 
north of Europe ? 

2. What ocean is west of Europe? 

3. What large sea is south of 
Europe ? 

4. How many peninsulas can you 
find in Europe ? 

5. What countries are on a penin- 
sula west of Russia ? 

6. What sea is north of Germany? 

7. What islands are west of Eu- 
rope ? 

8. What sea is east of Great 
Britain ? 

9. What city is the capital of Great 
Britain ? 

10. What small countries are west 
of Germany ? 

11. Find the Alps Mountains. 

12. What countries are south of the 
mountains ? The countries south of the 
mountains have a warm climate. 

13. What large country is on a plain 
in northern Europe ? Russia has a cold 
climate, like the northern part of North 
America. 

14. What small country is in the 
Alps Mountains? 

15. What countries are south of 
France ? 

16. Wdiat strait is between Spain 
and Africa? 

17. What ocean and sea does this 
strait connect ? 


86 


EUROPE 



18. What large seas are south of 
Russia ? 

19. Find St. Petersburg. Find Mos- 
cow. 

20. Where is Paris ? 

21. Find Hamburg and Berlin. 

22. Where is 
Rome ? 

23. In what coun- 
try is Constantinople? 

24. What large 
city is on the Danube 
River? 

25. In what coun- 
try are Madrid and 
Barcelona ? 


Surface. — In 

Europe the plains 
are on the north- 
ern side. The 
mountains are in 
the southern part. 

Europe has many 
large peninsulas, 
and many gulfs, 
bays, and seas. 

Climate. — It is 
mostly in the North 
Temperate Zone. On the plains 
of Russia the climate is cold. It 
is warm and pleasant on the pen- 


An Englishman. 

(King Edward VII.) 


insulas south of the Alps Moun- 
tains. 

People. — Nearly all the people 
of Europe belong to the White 
Race. They speak many lan- 
guages. A differ- 
ent language is 
spoken in each 
country. In Eng- 
land the people 
speak English. In 
Spain they speak 
Spanish. 

In southern Eu- 
rope the people are 
dark. They have 
black hair and 
brown eyes. In 
northern Europe 
the people are 
taller and heavier. 
Their skins are 
white and pink. 
Their hair is yel- 
low, red, or brown. 
Their eyes are 
blue. 

— France and 


Governments. 


Switzerland are republics. Their 
rulers are called presidents. In 



87 


Turkey the ruler is a sultan . In all 
the other’ countries the rulers are 
kings , queens , or emperors. 

Great Britain. — The British 
Isles are in the western part of 
Europe. These islands are a little 
larger than the Philippine Islands. 
Great Britain is divided 
into England, Ireland, 
and Scotland. Most of 
the people live in Eng- 
land. 

The climate is never 
cold. The grass is green 
nearly all the year. 

The country is very 
fertile. 

The people raise many 
grains, cattle, and sheep. 

The farmers build their 
houses of stones. The 
roofs are made of straw. 

The people do not raise enough 
food for their use. They get flour 
and corn and meat from the United 
States. They get meat from Ar- 
gentina. They get bananas and 
other fruits from the West Indies. 

Most of the people work in the 
factories. They make much cot- 


ton and woolen cloth. Most of 
the cotton comes from the United 
States. The wool comes from Aus- 
tralia and Argentina. 

They also make many things of 
iron and steel. Knives, razors, 
machinery, nails, bicycles, and 


hundreds of other things are made 
in these factories. In Scotland 
many large ships are built. 

London is the capital of Great 
Britain. It is the largest city in the 
world, and has many large build- 
ings. It has half as many people 
as are in the Philippine Islands. 



In London. 


88 


Liverpool is a very important 
seaport. 

Great Britain has colonies in all 
parts of the world. The largest 
colonies are Canada, Australia, 
the southern part of Africa, and 
India in Asia. Steamships go 
from Great Britain to all parts 
of the world. Great Britain has 
more ships than any other country. 



Woman spinning, Norway. 


Norway and Sweden. — Norway 
and Sweden are on a large penin- 
sula. The surface is mountain- 
ous. The coast of Norway is 
rocky. Many long, narrow bays 
extend far into the land. They 
are called Fiords . The banks of 
the fiords are steep and high. 

On the mountains there are 


forests. Much lumber is made. 
The people make many matches. 
They are good sailors. They catch 
many fish. They are industrious. 
They have good schools. In the 
country the people have small 
farms. In the long winters they 
weave cloth and make things- of 
wood, copper, and iron. 

Holland and Belgium. — In Hol- 
land the land is low. The people 
build walls of earth and stone to 
keep the sea from flowing over the 
land. The banks are called Dikes. 
There are many canals across the 
country. The people use the 
canals as roads. Tliev ride in 
boats instead of in carriages. In 
the winter the canals are covered 
with ice. Then the people use 
skates on their feet. 

Many windmills are used to 
pump the water from the land. 
They are used to grind corn and 
wheat. 

The land is very fertile. The 
people are called the Dutch. They 
are good farmers. They make 
much butter and cheese. They 
have fine cattle and horses. 



89 



In Amsterdam. 

The ruler of Holland is a queen. 
She is also queen of Java and 
some other large islands near the 
Philippine Islands. 

Belgium is not so low and flat 
as Holland. The people make 
fine laces, carpets, and silk cloth. 

Amsterdam is a large seaport. 

Denmark is also a low country. 
It is on a small peninsula. The 
people build dikes to keep out the 
sea. They are mostly farmers 

and fishermen. Iceland and 

Greenland belong to this country. 

Germany. — Germany is an im- 
portant country. It is mostly on 
a large plain. It has many rivers. 
Along the Rhine there is much 
beautiful scenery. 


Most of the people are farmers 
or manufacturers. Cattle, grains, 
and fruits are raised. Much wine 
and beer are made. Wine is made 
from grapes. The grapes grow in 
fields called vineyards. 

The people are industrious. They 
trade with all the countries in the 
world. Their ships go everywhere. 

Germany is famous for its 
schools and colleges. Every child 
must go to school. Every man 
must be a soldier for one and three 
years. 

Berlin is the capital. It is one 
of the largest cities in the world. 
It has many beautiful streets, pal- 
aces, parks, and gardens. 



In Berlin. 


Hamburg is the largest seaport. 
It is on a river. Germany has 
many other large cities. 



90 


France. — Great Britain, Ger- 
many, France, and Russia are the 
four most important countries in 
Europe. In France most of the 
people are farmers. They raise 
grains, sugar beets, potatoes, and 


many kinds of fruits. Much wine 
and silk are made. 

As in the Philippines, the farmers 
live in villages. They go every 
day to work in their fields. The 
women weave cloth and make 
beautiful laces and embroideries. 

Paris is the most beautiful city 
in the world. London, New York, 
Paris, and Berlin are the four 
largest cities in the world. Paris 


has wide streets. Trees grow 
along the sides of the streets. 
It has many beautiful roads, gar- 
dens, and parks. There are pal- 
aces, cathedrals, and museums full 
of pictures and statues. 

Spain and Portugal. — 

Spain and Portugal are 
on a large peninsula. 
Most of the country is 
mountainous. There are 
many fertile valleys. 
Coal, lead, iron, copper, 
and salt are found in 

the mountains. 

Most of the people 
are farmers. Thev raise 
many sheep. They are 
poor. Nearly one half 

of the people cannot read and 

write. 

Much fruit is raised. Wine, 
cloth, oil, and raisins are sold. 

Raisins are dried grapes. 

The Spanish people are noted 
for their good manners. They 
are kind to strangers. They are 
fond of music, games, and fiestas. 

Many years ago Spain had large 
colonies. Mexico, South America, 



Room in a palace near Paris. 



91 


I 


the West Indies, 
and the Philippine 
Islands belonged 
to Spain. She lost 
all of these colo- 
nies because she 
did not give the 
people good gov- 
ernment. 

Madrid is the 
capital of Spain. 

It is the home of 
the king. Barce- 
lona is the most 
important seaport. 

The Portuguese 
speak a different language, 
are darker than the Span- 
ish. They are good sail- 
ors. Magellan was Por- 
tuguese. 

Switzerland. — Switz- 
erland is a small country 
in the Alps Mountains. 
The people live in the 
valleys and around the 
beautiful lakes. 

Thousands of people 
in Europe and from 
America go to Switzer- 


Spanish peasants. 

They | It has a warm 


land to see the 
beautiful moun- 
tains, rivers, lakes, 
and waterfalls. 
There are also gla- 
ciers, or rivers of 
ice. 

The people are 
busy. They make 
cotton and woolen 
cloth, watches, 
jewelry, toys, laces, 
and many other 
useful things. 

Italy is on a 
large peninsula, 
climate. Oranges, 


Shepherds’ homes in the Alps. 





92 




In Venice. 

lemons, bananas, and rice grow. | try. 


Much 

wine 

and 

silk cloth are 

made. 

Th 

e Italians 

have 

black 

eyes 

and 

hair. 

They 

belonj 

y to the white 

race, 

but 

their 

skins 

are 

dark. 

They 

like 

music 

and fiestas. 

They 

are not very : 

indus- 

trious. Most of 

the 

people 

are 

poor. 




Rome is the 
capital. It is the 


home of the Pope. Rome 
has many interesting 
buildings, in which there 
are many beautiful pic- 
tures and statues. 

Venice is built on 
many little islands. The 
streets are canals. The 
people go about in boats. 

It has many beautiful 
buildings, bridges, and 
palaces. 

Greece is a small coun- 
it is noted for its old build- 

% 

ings. Athens was 
once the home of 
the greatest and 
wisest men. 

Turkey is a part 
of the Turkish Em- 
pire. The people 
are Turks. They 
are Mohamme- 
dans, like the Mo- 
ros. They are poor 
and ignorant. The 
Sultan is the ruler. 

The people raise 
a few fruits and a 
little grain. They 


A Turk. 



93 


have cattle, sheep, and goats. 
They make many rugs. 

Constantinople is the capital. 

Austria. — Most of this country 
is in the broad valley of the 
Danube River. Nearly all the peo- 
ple live by farming and raising 
sheep and cattle. 

In the mountains much lumber 
is made. In the cities cotton cloth, 
silk, carpets, and tools are made. 

Vienna is the capital. It is a 
large city. It has line streets and 
beautiful buildings. There are 
many other large cities along the 
Danube River. 

Russia is the largest country in 
the world. It covers the large 
plains in the northern part of Eu- 
rope and Asia. 

Near the Arctic Ocean these 
plains are frozen nearly all the 
year. In the summer they are 
covered with water. 

In the central part there are 
many forests. In the southern 
part there are large plains. On 
these plains cattle and sheep are 
raised. Wheat, corn, and other 
grains grow. 


Most of the people are tall and 
heavy. Some of them belong to 
the Yellow Race. In the north 
they use the reindeer to pull their 
sleds. They dress in the skins of 
animals. The Cossacks live on 
the plains in the south. They are 
good horsemen. Many of them 



Peasants' cottage, Russia. 

are soldiers. Most of the people 
are poor. They live in low houses 
made of logs. Rich men own 
most of the land. The poor peo- 
ple live in villages. 

St. Petersburg is the capital. It 
has manypalaces and fine churches. 
It is the home of the Czar, who is 
the emperor of Russia. Moseow 
is a large city. Here there are 
many sugar and cotton factories. 


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95 


Review. — 1. What part of Europe is 
a plain ? 

2. What country is on this plain ? 

3. What countries of Europe are on 
peninsulas ? 

4. What country is on islands ? 

5. To what race do most of the peo- 
ple belong ? 

6. How do the people of southern 
Europe differ from those in the northern 
part ? 

7. What are some of the thin gs 
made in Great Britain ? 

8. Describe Norway and Sweden. 

9. Of what use are the dikes in 
Holland ? 

10. For what is Germany noted ? 

11. What are some of the products of 
France? Why would you like to go to 
Paris ? 

12. Tell what you can about the 
Spanish people. 

13. The people of Switzerland are 
called the Swiss. Tell something about 
them. 

14. What people live in Turkey? 

15. Describe the Italians. 

16. What is the name of the ruler of 
Russia ? Tell about the Russian people. 

AFRICA 

Map Questions. — 1. What large sea 
is north of Africa? 

2. What sea is between Africa and 
Asia ? 


3. What isthmus connects Africa 
and Asia ? 

4. What ocean is east of Africa ? 

5. What cape is the southern point 
of Africa ? 

6. What large island is southeast 
of Africa? 

7. Find three large rivers in Af- 
rica ? 

8. Through what country does the 
Nile River How ? Into what sea does 
it flow ? 

9. What large city is on the Nile 
River ? 

10. What countries are on the north- 
ern coast of Africa ? 

11. What large desert is in northern 
Africa ? 

12. What countries are along the 
Congo River ? 

13. What country is in southern 
Africa ? 

The Sahara. — The northern 
part of Africa is mostly a desert. 
This desert is called the Sahara. 
The Sahara is larger than the 
United States. It is a plain of dry 
sand and rock. 

The people who live on the 
desert are Arabs . They are tall 
and dark. They live in tents. 
Over their trousers and shirts they 
wear a large white cloth. They 


fir, 


wear turbans on their heads. 
They are Mohammedans. 

They ride on camels and horses. 
The camel likes the desert. It is 
very strong. It carries heavy loads 
over the desert. It ' can travel 
several days without drinking. 

No rain falls on this desert. In 
some places there are springs. 


Arab encampment. 

Here bananas, palms, and other 
trees grow. These places are 
called oases. The people stop at 
the oases to get water and to rest. 
Water is carried in skins on the 
backs of camels. 

Egypt is east of the Sahara. 
The people live along the Nile 
River. In the rainy season the 
river is very muddy. Tt overflows 


the low banks. The water covers ' 
the lowlands near the river. It 
makes them very fertile. 

The people raise rice, cot- 
ton, wheat, and many fruits. 
They use the carabao for. plow- 
ing. They raise carabaos, cattle, 
and donkeys. The donkeys are 
smaller than our horses. They 
have large heads and 
ears. They are strong. 

Most of the people 
are farmers. They build 
their houses of dried 
mud. The mud is made 
into blocks and dried in 
the sun. These blocks 
are used for making the 
walls of the houses. The 
roofs are made of straw. 
The people sit on the ground to 
eat. They bathe often, but never 
appear to be clean. 

Cairo is the largest city in 
Africa. It has some beautiful 
buildings. There are many Mo- 
hammedan churches. The houses 
are low. They are white and have 
flat roofs. The streets are nar- 
row and dirty. 



97 



Scene in Cairo. 

Near Cairo are the Pyramids 
and the Sphinx. They are the 
tombs of kino's who lived tliou- 

o 

sands of years ago. The Pyra- 
mids are piles of large stones. 
One pyramid is more than one 
hundred and fifty meters high. 
The Sphinx is a stone lion with 
the face of a woman. 

Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and 
Tripoli border on the Mediterra- 
nean Sea. The people are mostly 
Mohammedans. They are tall and 


dark. Morocco is ruled by a sul- 
tan. Tunis and Algeria belong 
to France. Tripoli belongs to 
Turkey. 

Near the coast the people raise 
much grain. Dates, olives, figs, 
and lemons are sent to America 
and Europe. Most of the land is 
a desert. 

Many of the people of Algeria 
and Tunis once were pirates. 
They robbed the ships of other 


In Morocco. 



98 


countries. The French now rule 
the people and they are peaceful. 
They have railroads, schools, and 
beautiful cities. 

Most of the houses are low and 
flat. In the evenings the people 
sit on the roofs. The larger houses 
are built around a square or court, 
in which there are trees, flowers, 
and fountains. Many of the men 
are merchants. They make cloth, 
rugs, copper vessels, and many 
things of leather. 

CENTRAL AFRICA 

In the central part of Africa 
there are many countries. They 
belong to the countries in Europe. 
Here there are two seasons, the 
wet season and the dry season. 
Most of the country, is covered 
with forests. Here the largest 
animals live. There are tigers, 
lions, elephants, giraffes, rhinoc- 
eroses, hippopotamuses, zebras, 
deer, buffaloes, monkeys, gorillas, 
and many birds. 

Gorillas live in the forests near 
the Congo River. They are strong 
and fierce. They look like large, 


ugly, hairy men. They sleep in 
the trees. They eat fruits, eggs, 
nuts, and roots. A male and a 
female gorilla and their young live 
together in one family. 

The Negroes. — In all this coun- 
try, most of the people are Negroes. 
There are millions of Negroes. 



Negro village. 


They live in many tribes. Each 
tribe has its chief. The tribes are 
often at war. They capture peo- 
ple of other tribes to make them 
slaves. 

In some tribes they have farms. 
They raise cattle, cotton, sheep, 
grains, fruits, and camotes. They 
weave cloth and make leather. 

They use shells as money. 
They trade with the Arabs who 


> * 


99 




cross the Sahara. They trade 
rubber, gold, grains, fruits, and 
chocolate, for cotton cloth, jewelry, 
knives, and other things. 

Their houses are round or square. 
They are covered with straw. 
High, strong fences are built 
around many of the towns. The 
women do most of the work. The 
men hunt, fish, gather wild fruits, 
and go to war. There are many 
children. Tliev have no schools. 

xJ 

They play, swim, and hunt. 

Many of the people gather ivory. 
Ivory is fine white bone. It is 
found in the tusks of elephants 
and the teeth of hippopotamuses. 
The tusks of some elephants are 
large and heavy. 

The Negroes have w r oolly hair, 
thick lips, and flat noses. Some 
of them grease their bodies and 
oil 'their hair. In some tribes the 
men shave their heads. Some of 
the women wear many rings on 
their arms and legs, and in their 
ears. In some tribes nearly every 
man has several wives. Most of 
the Negroes in America came from 
the country near the Congo River. 


Negritos. — Along the Congo 
River there are dense forests. 
Many Negritos live in these for- 
ests. They are much like the 
Negritos in our islands. They live 
in little huts made of sticks and 
mud. The huts are about four feet 
high. They crawl in through 
little doors. They sleep on leaves 
on the ground. They use poisoned 
spears and arrows. They like to 
dance and sing. They are quick 
to learn. They are afraid of other 
peoples, and live in the darkest 
forests. 

Southern Africa. — In the south- 
ern part of Africa, the negros are 
mostly brown in color. They build 
round houses. They raise many 
cattle. They are mostly Kaffirs 
and Hottentots. 

They work in the diamond 
mines. The diamonds found here 
are worth millions of dollars. 

Many ostriches are raised. The 
ostrich is the largest bird in the 
world. Its legs are very strong. 
It can carry a man. It can run 
faster than a horse. Its feathers 
are very beautiful. One large 


tof a 


NORT'rf ,A 















HVIdSp- 






101 


feather is often worth more than 
twenty pesos. 

Cattle and sheep are raised on 
the plains. In some places the soil 
is very fertile, and many grains 
and fruits are raised. 

Most of southern Africa belongs 
to Great Britain. Many English 
and Dutch people live here. They 

own the farms and the mines. 

* 

There are several large cities. 



Cape Town. 


Cape Town is the largest city. 
It has large stores and some beau- 
tiful buildings. It has railroads, 
libraries, and good schools. 

Madagascar belongs to France. 
The people are Malays. Many of 
them are uncivilized. They sell 
wax, cattle, rice, and rubber. 


Review. — 1. What people live on the 
Sahara? What animals carry their 
loads ? How large is the Sahara ? 

2. Where is Egypt? What river 
runs through it ? What is the largest 
city ? What do the people do ? 

3. To what country do Algeria and 
Tunis belong? What are the products 
of these countries ? 

4. What animals live in central 
Africa ? 

5. What people live in this part of 
Africa ? Write a composition about the 
Negroes of Africa. 

6. To what country does southern 
Africa belong ? What people live here ? 

ASIA 

Map Questions. — 1. What ocean is 
north of Asia? 

2. What ocean is east of Asia ? 
What ocean is south ? 

3. How many peninsulas can you 
find in Asia ? 

4. Between what sea and what bay 
is India ?• 

5. What seas and gulf nearly sur- 
round Arabia ? 

6. What large country is in the 
eastern part of Asia ? 

7. What peninsula is south of 
China ? 

8. What two countries are on this 
peninsula ? 

9. WTiat sea is between the Chinese 
Empire and the Philippines ? 



102 


10. What seas are east of the Chi- 
nese Empire ? 

11. What large country is in the 
northern part of Asia ? 

12. What countries are west of India ? 

13. What country borders on the 
Mediterranean Sea ? 

14. Where are the Himalaya moun- 
tains ? 

15. Find Thibet. It is a high plateau. 

16. What two large rivers flow 
through the Chinese Empire ? 

17. What large river is in India ? 

18. Where is Cal- 
cutta ? 

19. Find two other 
cities in India. 

20. Find Jerusalem. 

In what country is it ? 

21. Where is Singa- 
pore ? 

22. Find Canton and 
Hongkong. In what 
country are they ? 

23. Where is Bang- 
kok ? 

24. Find Tokyo. 


mountains. The Himalaya Moun- 
tains are the highest in the world. 

North of these mountains there 
is a large plain. It is a part of 
the plain in northern Europe. 

South of the mountains there 
are lowlands and peninsulas. In 
the western part of Asia, Arabia 
and Persia are mostly deserts. 

In China, Japan, and Siam the 
people belong to the Yellow Race. 



ASIA 

One third of all the land in the 
world is in Asia. More than one 
half of all the people live in Asia. 

In the central part there are 
large deserts and plateaus and high 


Siberian village in winter. 

In the Malay Peninsula and the 
East Indies the people are Malays 
like ourselves. The people of In- 
dia, Persia, Arabia, and Siberia 
belong mainly to the White Race. 


Siberia is a part of Russia. 
Like Russia, it is a large plain. 

The people are farmers and 
herdsmen. Most of them live in 
villages. Their houses are made of 
logs. Some people live 
in tents. They raise 
cattle, horses, and 
sheep. In the north- 
ern part they have 
herds of reindeer. In 
the southern part cot- 
ton, rice, corn, and 
wheat are raised. 

Irkutsk and Tiflis 
are important cities. 

Turkey is a part of 
Turkey in Europe. 

The country is hilly, 
and on the lowlands it is fertile. 

The people are poor. They raise 
cattle and sheep. They eat rice 
and wheat. 

The houses are low. They are 
made of mud bricks like the houses 
of Cairo. The streets are narrow. 
The rich merchants have beautiful 
houses. They have several wives. 
The women have their own rooms 
in the house. When they go on 


the streets, they cover their faces 
with thick black veils. Only the 
persons in their families may see 
their faces. The men wear long 
coats. They wear large trousers 

and round hats. 

Damascus is one of 
the oldest cities in 
the world. For thou- 
sands of years it has 
been a center for cara- 
vans. The city is full 
of shops where spices, 
cloth, silk, coffee, 
swords, firearms, rugs, 
and hundreds of other 
things are sold. 

Jerusalem is in Tur- 
key. Here is where 
Jesus lived and was crucified. It 
is the Holy City of the Chris- 
tians. 

Mecca is near the Red Sea. It 
is the Holy City of the Moham- 
medans. It has beautiful mosques, 
or churches. 

Arabia is a high plain, mostly 
a desert. The climate is hot. 

The people are Arabs. They are 
tall and dark. They are good- 




• v 



Turkish woman and child. 



104 


looking. Most of the people live 
in tents. They have sheep, cam- 
els, and horses. They live like 
the Arabs on the Sahara. 

They ride on camels and horses. 
They have beautiful horses. They 
are very fond of them. (Read 
u Hassan and his Horse,” Insular 
Third Reader, page 146.) 

Persia is also a dry plateau. 
The Persians irrigate their lands. 
They raise grains and many fruits. 



Food shop, Persia. 


Dates, wheat, and cheese are the 
foods of most of the people. 

Most of the people live in vil- 
lages. The Persian sheep pro- 
duce fine wool. The wool is made 
into rugs and carpets. Shawls and 
blankets are made of camel’s hair. 


In the cities there are thousands 
of little shops. Each shop is about 
three meters square. 

. India is on a large peninsula 
south of the Himalaya Mountains. 
Most of the country is a low plain. 
The Ganges River flows through 
this plain. It is a large river. 
The southern part of India is a 
plateau. 

The people of India have sev- 
eral religions. Many are Moham- 
medans. Most of the people are 
Hindus. Some of them worship 
idols made of stone and wood. 

Most of the people are farmers. 
They raise much rice. It is their 
most important food. Cotton, 
opium, wheat, indigo, and sugar 
are valuable products. The people 
also make rugs, carpets, and things 
of brass. 

They raise much flax. From 
the flax linen cloth and thread are 
made. Linen cloth is very strong 
and cool. The flax plant grows 
about a meter high. The fiber 
is on the stem. A valuable oil is 
made of the seeds. It is used in 
making paints. 


105 


India has many beautiful palaces 
and temples. The Hindus do fine 
work in stone, wood, brass, silver, 
and gold. The most beautiful 
building in the world is in north- 
ern India. It is the Taj Mahal. 
It is made of pure white marble. 
It is decorated with jewels, gold, 
and silver. It is the tomb of a 
Mohammedan ruler. It was built 
by his wife. 



Taj Mahal. 


In India the people are divided 
into classes, or castes . There are 
hundreds of castes. A farmer’s 
son must also be a farmer. He 
can never become the equal of 
a prince. He must stay in his 
caste. 



Hindu women. 


The wife is a slave to her hus- 
band. She never eats at the 
table with him. She must wait 
until he has eaten. The women 
do the hardest work. The men 
like to sit in the streets and tell 
stories. 

In the forests there are many 
large animals. Tigers, elephants, 
and rhinoceroses are the larg- 
est. The largest tigers live here. 
Some of them are man-eaters. 
The Hindus are afraid of them. 
A tiger will stay near a village. 




106 


In the evening lie comes near the 
houses. He catches men, women, 
and children. He can easily run 
with a man in his mouth. Cara- 
baos are not afraid of tigers. They 
fight the tigers with their horns. 

Calcutta is the capital of India. 
Bombay and Madras are important 
seaports. 

Ceylon is a large island The 
people raise much cacao, tea, and 
coffee. 

The Chinese Empire has five large 
provinces. China and Manchuria 
are on the eastern side. They 
iiave large rivers and broad, fertile 
valleys. Mongolia and Chinese 
Turkestan are mostly deserts. 
Thibet is a high plateau. 

China is a very old country. 
On the northern side of China 
there is a thick high wall. It 
was built by the Chinese many 
hundreds of years ago. They 
wished to keep the robbers of 
Manchuria and Mongolia out of 
China. It is about twice as high 
as most bamboo houses. In the 
Philippines this wall would go all 
the way around Luzon. 


Most of the people are farmers. 
They irrigate the land. Their 
farms are small. They use cara- 
baos, donkeys, and camels. They 
raise nearly all kinds of grain, 
fruit, and vegetables. Rice is the 
food of most of the people. 



Picking tea, China. 


They raise much tea. Tea is 
the dried leaves of the tea plant. 
The plant is a bush about four feet 
high. The leaves are picked, dried, 
and sorted. Then they are dried 
again and put into boxes. Much 
tea is sent to Europe, America, and 
Australia. 

In most of the towns we can 
see Chinese weaving silk cloth. 
They make the best silks. They 
twist the thread with their hands. 
(Read Insular Third Reader, p. 100.) 


107 


Much bamboo grows in China. 
In many towns the houses are 
made of bamboo. They make 
hats, mats, chairs, baskets, pens, 
brushes, and other things of bam- 
boo. 

The Chinese do not drink cold 
water. They drink tea. They 
eat with chopsticks. The mother 
carries the baby on her back. The 
boys fly kites shaped like birds 
and fishes. The children must 
always obey their parents. They 
like books. Many Chinese are 
great scholars. In school they 
study history, law, and counting. 
The pupils study aloud. They 
turn their backs to the teacher. 
Then they shout their lessons. 
The girls do not go to school. 

Peking is the capital of the Chi- 
nese Empire. It is surrounded 
by a high wall. Nearly all the 
cities of China have high walls 
around them like the Walled City 
in Manila. The streets are nar- 
row, dusty, and dirty. The houses 
are low. 

In the streets we can see long 

o 

lines of brown, hairy camels. 


They came from Mongolia. They 
carry tea and cloth. There are 
many carts, wheelbarrows, and 
donkeys. In the shops all kinds 
of things are sold. At night the 
people carry lanterns. 

Canton is the largest city in 
China. The houses are built 



Chinese school. 


close together. The streets are 
very narrow. Some of them are 
covered with cloth. Many Chi- 
nese in the Philippines came from 
Canton. 

Thousands of people in Canton 
live on boats. Many live on 
junks. The junks are used for 
fishing and for carrying freight 
and passengers. The Chinese 



108 


paint eyes on their junks and 
other boats. They say that the 
boat cannot see where to go if 
it does not have eyes. Many 
of the people who live on boats 
raise ducks and geese. 

O 


From Canton the Chinese send 
to us rice, silk, cotton and linen 
cloth, dishes, and many things 
made of iron. 

Hongkong is a small island. 
It is near Canton. Its capital 
is Victoria. It has a beautiful 
harbor. Thousands of ships stop 
here each year. It is nearly a thou- 
sand kilometers from Manila. A 


steamship is about two days in 
making the trip. Hongkong be- 
longs to Great Britain. 

Japan is a country on islands. 
The Japanese are small and dark. 
In the northern islands they have 
very black hair and 
long beards. They are 
called Ainos. Some of 
the Japanese in the south- 
ern islands are taller. 
They have smooth faces. 
Thev look much like 
Filipinos. 

Not many years ago 
Japan had only her old 
customs. Her men were 
warriors. They used 
bows, arrows, and spears. 
They did not know about 
other peoples and countries. Then 
many warships from the United 
States came to Japan. The Ameri- 
cans asked the Japanese to trade 
with them. Then other countries 
sent ships to trade with the Japa- 
nese. Then Japanese students went 
to the United States and Europe. 
They learned all they could, so as 
to improve their own country. 



109 


The Japanese now have good 
schools and colleges. They have 
telegraphs, telephones, railroads, 
books, and newspapers. They 
are now the strongest and best 
educated people in Asia. 

They love their beautiful coun- 
try. The hills and plains are 
very fertile. Fuji is a high vol- 
cano. Its top is covered with snow 
nearly all the year. Like Mayon, 
Fuji is a beautiful mountain. 

The sides of Japanese houses 
are made of wood. The walls 
between the rooms are made 
of wood and paper. The paper 



In a Japanese house. 

is pasted over wooden frames. 
The frames slide. At night the 
rooms are closed. 


On the floors are straw mats. 
They are about live centimeters 
thick. The people never wear 



Jinrikisha. 


shoes on these mats. They have 
no chairs. They sit and sleep on 
the mats. The women use wooden 
pillows so as to keep their hair 
smooth. Their hair is combed 
only once a week. The people eat 
rice. They eat with chopsticks. 

They have a few horses, and 
not many cattle. The farmers 
often pull their own plows. 
Nearly all the work is done by 
men. They pull heavy loads on 
carts. They pull the jinrikishas. 

The Japanese are skillful in 
painting, embroidery, woodwork, 
and the making of silk. 





110 


Tokyo is the capital. It is a 
large city. The emperor lives in 
a palace in the central part of 
the city. The palace is in a large 
park. The park is surrounded 
by walls and canals. 

Nearly all the houses are small 
and low. The roofs extend over 
the sides. Some of the houses 
are made of solid stone. They 
have iron doors and windows. 
These houses will not burn. The 
streets are wide and clean. There 
are some large buildings like those 
in Europe and America. 

Both men and women wear 
long coats. The women wear long 
sashes around their 
waists. Their shoes 
are made of wood. 

Yokohama is the 
principal seaport. 

Steamers going from 
Manila to America 
stop here. 

Korea is a small 
country near Japan. 

The people wear long coats and 
big hats. They build their houses 
like Japanese. Gold, silver, cop- 



Korean. 


per, and iron are found in Korea. 
The soil is rich. The people raise 
rice, beans, and vegetables. Korea 
is now under the Japanese gov- 
ernment. 

Siam and Anam. — These coun- 
tries are on a large peninsula. 
They are mountainous. Between 
the mountain chains there are 
broad, flat valleys. In the rainy 
season these low valleys are cov- 
ered with water. The climate is 

* -V* 

hot and wet. 

■ The soil is very fertile. Much 
ripe is raised. The people eat 
ripe and curry. Curry is made 
of fish and pepper. 

Along the rivers 
many people live on 
boats. Some of these 
boats are like our cas- 
cos. Houses are built 
on rafts. The people 
are poor. Women and 
girls do most of the 
work. Some of the 
people look like Chi- 
nese. Many others are Malays. 

The people of Siam are Bud- 
dhists. They think that when a 


Ill 


man dies lie may become an ani- 
mal. So they are kind to all 
animals. The Buddhist temples, 
or churches, are very fine. They 
have many towers. Some of the 


towers are plated with gold. In 
the temples there are idols that 
are covered with gold. 

Bangkok is the capital of Siam. 
It is the home of the king. He 
has beautiful palaces. He has 
built railroads and telegraphs. 
He tries to improve his people. 

The Straits Settlements is the 
name of the southern part of the 
Malay Peninsula and some small 
islands near its shore. They be- 
long to Great Britain. 


The people are Malays. This 
peninsula is the home of the 
Malay people. The Filipinos are 
Malays. Many hundreds of years 
ago some Malays went from this 
peninsula to the Philip- 
pine Islands. Then other 
Malays came . They were 
our ancestors. 

Singapore is a very 
important city. Many 
large ships stop here. 
They go to India, China, 
Japan, Manila, Austra- 
lia, and Europe. In the 
markets of Singapore 
you could buy things 
from all these countries. Many 
of the people are Chinese. 

Review. — 1. In what part of Asia is 
there a large plain ? What country is 
in this plain ? Siberia is a part of what 
country in Europe ? 

2. Where is Turkey ? What people 
live in this country ? What city is the 
holy city of the Christians ? For what 
is Damascus noted ? 

3. What people live in Arabia ? 
How do they live ? 

4. Tell something about the Persians. 

5. What large river is in India ? 
What are the most important products 



Temple, Siam. 




113 


of India? Tell something about flax 
and its uses. Write a composition about 
the people of India. What animals live 
in India ? 

6. Where is the great wall in China ? 
What are some of the products of 
China? Tell how tea is raised. Tell 
how silk is made. Write a composition 
about the Chinese. Describe Canton. 

7. Where is Hongkong ? To what 
country does it belong? 

8. Tell how the Japanese live. How 
are Japanese houses made ? 

9. Describe the people of Siam. 

10. Where are the Straits Settle- 
ments ? 

EAST INDIES AND AUSTRALIA 

Map Questions. — 1. What large island 
is south of the Malay Peninsula ? 

2. What strait is between the Ma- 
lay Peninsula and Sumatra? 

3. What large island is east of Su- 
matra ? 

4. In what direction are the Philip- 
pines from Borneo ? 

5. What island is south of Borneo ? 

6. What islands are east of Borneo ? 

7. What sea is between Celebes and 
Mindanao ? 

8. What strait is between New 
Guinea and Australia ? 

9. What large islands are southeast 
of Australia ? 

10. What small islands are east of 
Australia ? 


11. Where are the Solomon Islands? 

12. What islands are east of the 
Philippines ? 

13. On the map of the Western 
Hemisphere, on page 17, find the Ha- 
waiian Islands. 

14. In what part of Australia are 
Melbourne and Sydney ? 

15. Find Batavia. 

16. Where is Auckland ? 

THE EAST INDIES AND AUSTRALIA 

South of the Malay Peninsula 
and the Philippine Islands there 
are several large islands. These 
are called the East Indies. The 
largest islands in the East Indies 
are Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Cele- 
bes, and New Guinea. 

Borneo and New Guinea are 
larger than all the Philippine Is- 
lands. Sumatra is nearly as large. 
Java and Celebes are larger than 
Luzon. 

Nearly all these islands belong 
to Holland. 

These islands are much like the 
Philippine Islands. The climate 
and the plants are about the same. 
The people are Malays. Sugar, 
tobacco, coffee, and spices are the 
most important products. 


114 


Sumatra is very 
m ountainous. 

Many of the peo- 
ple live in wild 
tribes. Along the 
coasts there are 
many villages and 
cities. The people 
are peaceful and 
have good farms. 

Java is the rich- 
est of these islands. 

It has nearly three 
times as many peo- 
ple as the Philip- 
pine Islands. They are mostly 
farmers. Their houses, their vil- 
lages, their markets, and many of 
their customs are like ours. Many 
of the men wear turbans. Some 
of them are rich. 

The people are ruled by sultans. 
The Dutch governors tell the sul- 
tans what to do. When a sultan 
walks out, a golden umbrella is held 
over his head. The poor people 
squat in the road and hold up their 
hands when the sultan is going by. 

Most of the people raise coffee 
and sugar. 


Batavia is the 
capital. It is a 
beautiful city. The 
houses are painted 
white. They have 
pretty gardens. 

Borneo is a very 
large island. Its 
mountains and 
plains are covered 
with forests and 
swamps. 

The people are 
called Dyaks. In 
the mountains 
there are many wild tribes. The 
civilized peoples live along the 
coast. They raise sugar, rice, and 
tobacco. Their houses are made 
of bamboo and nipa. 

Many animals live in the for- 
ests. Here the orang-outang is 
found. It is not so large as a 
gorilla. It is about thirteen deci- 
meters high. Its arms and legs 
are short. It is very strong. It 
can kill a man. It lives in trees 
and eats fruit. 

Celebes is south of Mindanao. 
The people are very poor. They 



Sumatrans. 


115 


work on farms, where rice and 
coffee are raised. 

The Moluccas are also called 
“ The Spice Islands.” Cloves and 
nutmegs are raised. The clove 
tree grows about thirty feet high. 
The cloves are the blossoms. 
They are picked, and dried in 
smoke. They are 
then put into 
boxes and sent to 
all parts of the 
world. 

Nutmegs grow 
on smaller trees. 

The fruit is about 
the size of a chico. 

The nutmeg is on 
the inside of the 
fruit. It is sur- 
rounded by a fiber 
called mace. Nutmegs and mace 
are used as spices. 

New Guinea. — The people of 
New Guinea are Malays and 
Papuans. Most of them live in 
wild tribes. 

Australia is the largest island 
in the world. It belongs to Great 
Britain. Most of the island is 



very dry. The eastern part is 
mountainous and fertile. 

There are only a few uncivilized 
people. They are called bush men. 
They live in small tribes. They 
tattoo and paint their bodies. 
Some of them wear long pins 
through their noses. They use 

spears and clubs. 
They eat 
kangaroos, 
and eggs, 
houses are made of 
stones and leaves, 
and of bark. 

Australia is a 
land of queer birds 
and animals. The 

the 


roots, 

birds, 

Their 


kangaroo 


is 


Bushman. 


largest animal. It 


legs and tail. 


sits on its hind 
It can jump ten 
meters. The mother kangaroo 
carries her baby in a pouch. 

The platypus is an animal with 
a bill like a duck. It lays eggs. 

There are many interesting 
birds. The emu is nearly as tall 
as an ostrich. Its feathers are 
like coarse hair. 


116 


Most of the people are English. 
They raise sheep, cattle, and wheat. 
Some farmers have 
thousands of sheep . 

Their wool is long 
and fine. The wool 
is cut or sheared 
off. It is tied into 
bales. The bales 
are sent to Europe. 

Here the wool is 
made into cloth. 

Two kilograms of 
wool will make a 
suit for a man. 

In the moun- 
tains there are rich mines of gold. 

Australia now has many large 
cities. Melbourne is the largest 
city. It lias many fine buildings, 
schools, colleges, libraries, hospi- 
tals, electric lights, electric cars, 
and looks like a city in England 
or America. 

Sydney is the most important 
seaport. It has a good harbor. 
Steamships are two weeks in going 
from Manila to Sydney. 

New Zealand also belongs to 
Great Britain. Most of the peo- 



Kangaroo. 


pie are English. The natives are 
called Maoris. They are Malays. 

The country is 
very beautiful. It 
has many volca- 
noes and geysers. 
The tops of some 
of the mountains 
are covered with 
snow. The climate 
is very healthful. 

The people raise 
cattle, sheep, wheat, 
and many fruits. 
They are indus- 
trious and happy. 
Wellington is the capital. Auck- 
land is the largest seaport. 

Fiji Islands. — North of New 
Zealand are the Fiji Islands. They 


' ~ S-fspllp 



Scene in the Fiji Islands. 



117 


belong to Great Britain. The 
English have large farms on which 
sugar, rice, taro, tea, tobacco, and 
fruits are raised. 

The natives are brown. Their 
hair is frizzly, like the hair of a 
Negrito. They have small farms. 
They make beautiful houses of wo- 
ven reeds and thick roofs of grass. 

The people of the Sol- 
omon Islands are tall 
and strong. They are 
Papuans. 

Guam is east of the 
Philippines. It is one of 
the Ladrone Islands. It 
belongs to the United 
States. The people look 
like the people in the 
Philippines. 

Acjana is the capital. 

Hawaiian Islands are northeast 
of the Philippine Islands. They 
belong to the United States. 
Most of the people are brown like 
the Malays. There are also many 
Japanese and Americans. 

Much sugar, rice, taro, and cof- 
fee are raised. 

Honolulu is the capital. 


Review. — 1. What are the largest 
islands in the East Indies ? 

2. To what country do nearly all 
these islands belong ? 

3. What are the most important 
products ? 

4. On which islands are nutmegs 
and cloves raised ? For what are they 
used ? 

5. Where is Batavia ? 

6. What peoples live in Australia ? 


7. To what country do Australia 
and New Zealand belong ? 

8. What are the important products? 

9. What are the largest cities ? 

10. Describe New Zealand. 

11. Where are the Fiji Islands? 
What people live there ? 

12. What island east of the Philip- 
pines belongs to the United States ? 

13. Where are the Hawaiian Is- 
lands ? 



Thatched hut, Hawaiian Islands. 






DIRECTIONS FOR TEACHERS 


I. The first lessons in Geography should be about the things 
already familiar to the child. Talk about the streets in his town, the 
church, the school, the post-office, the market, and other places of 
interest. Talk about the things in the market, — what they are, 
where they come from, for what they are used. 

Have them tell on what streets or roads they go from one place to 
another, as for example, in going from their homes to school, to the 
church, etc. Have them tell on what street they live, on what street 
the schoolhouse is, on what street the church is, etc. 

Talk about the river, boats, carromatas, and other local means of 
travel and transportation. Talk about the things that are brought 
into and carried away from the town. 

II. Draw a large map of the town, especially of the parts familiar 
to the pupils. Mark on it the principal buildings and places of inter- 
est, the schoolhouse and houses of the pupils in the class, the streets, 
and the large streams. Question the pupils about it. Have them 
find the places talked about. Have them go from one place to another 
on the map. Gradually enlarge the map until it represents the whole 
town and its vicinity. 

III. Take the pupils to some river or brook. Talk about it. Notice 
the banks, the current, the little streams or rills flowing down the 
banks. Have the pupils find the streams on the map of the town. 

IV. Call the attention of the pupils to the hills and mountains 
near their home. Mark them on the map. 

V. Have the pupils observe the valleys of some streams of the 
town. Notice the slopes and the kinds of soil, — sand, mud, clay, 
gravel, and rocks. 


119 


120 


VI. Have the pupils observe some level piece of ground or a plain, 
a lake, and waterfall, if possible. Use sand to model the various land 
and water forms. Illustrate with pictures. 

VII. Get coral, shells, or other things from the ocean. If the 
pupils live near the shore, go with them some afternoon to the beach. 
Notice the surf, the sand, the rocks, the seaweed, crabs, and other life 
in the sea, the waves, and the ships. 

VIII. Model in sand or clay to show these shore forms of land 
and water. If possible have the pupils observe them along the shore 
of a pond, a lake, or the ocean. If the town is near the seashore, show 
the location of the shore on the map. 

IX. Have the pupils notice the apparent course of the sun and 
moon across the sky. Teach the directions. Draw them on the floor. 
Have the pupils locate things in the schoolroom by direction. Have 
them tell the direction to their homes and to other places in the town. 
Have them tell directions on the map of the town. 

X. Use a globe to teach the general form of the earth. Illustrate 
the hemispheres with clay balls or an orange. 

XI. Have the pupils find the continents and the Philippines on 
the globe. Use the globe with a lighted candle to show day and night. 
Show the axis and equator. 

XII. Have the pupils also locate the principal islands and other 
important places on a wall map. 

XIII. Have the pupils keep a weather record during the year. 
Notice (1) the direction and gradual change of direction of the wind, 
(2) the changes in temperature, (3) cloudiness, (4) rain, (5) thunder 
storms, (6) baguios, and (7) the position of the sun north, or south, or 
directly overhead. 

XIV. Talk with the pupils about the most useful plants, trees, 
fruits, and vegetables. 


121 


XV. Talk with the pupils about the different animals and insects, 
their uses and their habits. Have the pupils write compositions about 
the carabao, the bat, the white ant, etc. Have them read “ The Insu- 
lar Third Reader,” pages 15, 63, 89, 100, 118, and 162, and “ Lessons 
in English,” pages 105, 125, 168, and 177. 

XVI. Make a large relief map of Luzon of sand or clay. Have 
the pupils study this map with the relief map in the book. 

XVII. Use the parts in the smaller print as reading lessons. 
When reading about tobacco; if you can, show the pupils some tobacco 
leaves, and a tobacco plant growing. 

XVIII. Get a piece of indigo in the market. Show how it may 
be used for dyeing and making ink. Have some indigo plants grow- 
ing in the school garden. Show how the dye is extracted. Have 
them read “ Lessons in English,” page 168. 

XIX. Have the pupils learn the different kinds of materials 
used for weaving mats, hats, and cloth. Show them how these are 
obtained. If you can, show them how to weave mats and other 
things. Have some of the fiber plants growing in the school garden, 
— pineapple, hemp, cotton, etc. 

When teaching about “ Coffee,” “Coconut,” “Hemp,” etc., get as 
many materials as you can to illustrate. Have coconuts in the class. 
Show the husks, the fibers, the milk, copra, the oil, and other products. 
Have the pupils read, write compositions as suggested on pages 172, 
177, and 180, “Lessons in English.” 





I 


PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 

KEY. — Vowels : a in late, a in fat, a in care, a in far, a in last, a in fall, a in was, a in 
collar, a in final; e in me, e in met, berry, e in veil, e in term, e in there, e in novel; i in 
fine, i in tin, i in police; o in note, 6 in not, 6 in son, o in for, o in do, on in out; u in tune, 
u in nut, u in rude ( = o), u in full, u in burn, ua = wa, ue = we, ui = wi ; y in my, y in 
hymn. Consonants: c in £ent, machine, c in can; g in gem, g in get; n = ny, n = ng, 
N = ng but is silent ; ph = f ; § = z ; th in thine ; x = gz. Italic letters are silent. 


A 'bra 

Ab ys sin'ia 

• • 

A 'den 

Ad ri at'ic Sea 
Af g/ian is tan' 

Af'ri ca 

• • 

Ag'no R. 

A gu'san 

• 

A las'ka 
Al bay' 

A 1 ex an 'dri a 
Al ge'ri a 
Al giers' 

Alps 

Al tai' Mts. 

Am'a zon 

A m 'bos Ca ma ri'nes 
Am'ster dam 
A nam' 

An'des 

An'ge les (-ha-) 

Ant arc'tic 
An ti que (-ka) 
Ant'werp 
A par'ri 
Ap'en nines 
A' po 

Ap pa la'chi an 
A ra'bi a 
Ar'Sbs 
xVr'ay'at 


Arc'tic 

• • 

A re qui'pa (-ke'-) 
Ar gen ti'na 
Ar'kan sas 

A •* 

Asia (a'sln a) 
Atli'ens 
At lan'tic 
Auck'land (ak'-) 
Aus tra'li a (as-) 

Aits'tri a 

• • 

Ba bu ;ya/nes 
Ba co'lod 
Ba co lor 
Baffin B. 

Ba go' bos 
Ba g?/i o' 

Ba M'a 
Ba! kal' 

Ba lahg'a 
Bii la yan' 

Ba ler' 

Ba li'uag 
Bal kan' 

Bal'tic Sea 
Ba luchis tan' 
Bank'a 
Bar 96 lo'na 
Ba si' lan 
Ba ta'an 
Ba ta'nes 


Ba tan'gas 
Ba ta'vi a 
Bau an 
Ba yom bdng' 
Bel'gT um 
Ben gal' B. 
Ben g?/et' 
Be'rlng Sea 
Ber'lin 
Bi'cols 
Bi non'do 
Bis'cay B. 
Blan'co 
Bo'ac 
Bo go til' 

Bo hoi 
Bo kha'ra 
Bo li nii'o C. 
Bo liv' I a 
Bom bay' 

Bon t 5 c' 
Bor'ne o 
Bos'ton 
Bra zil' 
Brit'ish 
Brus'sels 

A j. 

Bu'da pest 
Bue'nos Al'res 
Buf'fa lo 
Bu lii can 
Bui ga'ri a 
123 


Bu'ri as 
Bur'ma 
But uan 

Ca ga y'an 
Ca ga ya'nes 
-Cai'ro 

Ca la mi a,' nes 
Cal 1 for'rn a 
Cal la'o 
Ca mo'tes 
Can'a da 
Cancer 
Can t 5 n' 

Cape Col'o ny 
Ca'piz (-peth) 
Cap'ri corn 
Ca ra bal'lo (-yo) 
Ca ra'cas 
Car lb be'an 

A 

Cas'pi an 
Ca tan du a'nes 
Cat ba lo'gan 
Ca2«'ca sus 
Ca vi'te 

Cebu (tha bob') 
Cel'e be§ 

Cey 15 n' 
chan'nel 
Chi ca'go 
Chi'co R. 


124 


Clii'le 
Chi'na 
(■hi nese' 

-G/ais ti a'n'i a 
Co lom'bi a 
Col o ra'do 
Co lum'bi a 
Con Qep'tion (-shun) 
Con stan ti no'ple 
Co pen ha' gen 
Cordillera (kor de iya' 
ra) 

Cor re gi' dor' (-lie-) 

Cor'si cii 

Cot ta ba'to 

Cu'ba 

Cu li on' 

Cu'vo 
• • %/ 

Da'et 
l)a gu'pan 
Da mas'cus 
Dan'ube 
Da pi 'tan 
Da til 
Davao 
Da' vis Str. 

Den'mark 
Den'ver 
Dub'lin 
Du m a gae' te 

East In'dies 
Ec ua dor' 

Ed'm burgh (-bur o) 

E'gypt 

En ga/no 

England (Tng'gland) 
E'rie 

Es'ki mos 
Et'na 

Fii phra'tes 


E\\ ra'sia (-shia ) 
jfcTi'rbpe 
Ev'er est 

Fez 

Fi'ji (-gi) Is. 
Flor'i da 
For mo'sa 
France 

Gad da'n es 
Gal'ves ton 
Gan'ges 
Ge ne'va 

A 

Ger'ma ny 
GT bral'tar Str. 
gla'cier (-slier) 
Glas'gfue 
Go'bi 

Great Brit'a/n 
Gree5§ 

Greenland 

A 

Gua'gua 

Guam 

Guay a quil(-kel') 
Gwi a'na 
Gian'ea 

Ha go noy 
HaCti 
Ham'burg 
Hat' ter as, C. 

Ha van'a 
Ha wai'i 

Ha wai'ian (-yan) 
hem'i sphere 
Hi ma'la yas 
Hin'dus 

•*x 

Ho ang' 

Hol'land 

Hong kong' 

Ho no lu' lu 
• • • • 


Hud 'son 
Hun'ga ry 
Hu'ron 

iQe'berg 
I^e'land 
Ig or ot' 

II li nois' 

I lo ca' nos 
I lo'cds Nor'te 
I lo'cos Sur 
I lo i'lo 
I'm us 
In'di a 
In'dians 
In'do-Chi'na 
In'dus 
fr kutsk' 

1 sa be' la 
1 tal'ians (-yans) 
It' a ly 

Ja mai'ca (ga-) 
Japan' (ga-; 

Jap a nese' (ga-) 
Ja'va (ga-) 

Je ru'sa lem (ge-) 
Jo lo (lio-lo) 

Kam chat'ka 

Khi'va 

Kon'g5 

Lab'ra dor 
La go noy 
La gu'na de Bay 
La La gu'na 
La nao 

Lao ag' (lou ag') 
Lii U nion 
Le pan'to 
Leyte (la'e ta) 

Li be'ri a 


Li' m a 

* 

Lin ga yen 
Li'pa 
Lis 'bon 
Liv'er pool 
LZa'nos 
Lon 'don 
Los Ba'hos 
Lu Bang 

Lu ce'na (-tha'-) 

Lu zon (-thon) 
Ly'ons 

Ma ca be'be 
Mac ken'zie 
Mad a gas' car 
Ma dei'ra B. 

Ma dras' 

Ma drid' 

Ma gel'lan Str. 

Ma la bon 
M a' lays 
Ma lo'los 
Man'ches ter 
Man chu'ri a 
Man da'yas 
Man giii a'nes 
Ma nl'la 
Mii no'bos 
Ma rin du'que (-ka) 
Ma ri ve'les 
Mar seiZles 
Mas bii'te 
Mas sa chu'setts 
Ma y5n' 

Mec'ca 

Med i ter ra'ne an 
Mel'bourne 
Mex'i co 
Micli'i gan 
Min da na5 
Min do'ro 


125 


Min ne ap'd 11s 
Mi’ sa'mis 
Mis sis slp'pl 
Mis sow'rl 
Mo bile' 

M5 luc'cas 
M5n go'll a 
Mon te vid'e o 
Mont re al' 

Moro 
Mo roc'co 
Mos'cow 
Mil'll! e/i 

Na'ples 
Ne gri'tos 
Ne'groes 

Ne'gros Occi clen tal' 
Ne'gros Ori en tal' 
Neth'er lands 

^ X 

New England (mg' 
gland) 

New'found land 
New Ginn ea 
New Or' le ans 
New York 
New Zea'land 
NI ag'a ra 
NI ca ra'gua 
Nile 

Nizh'ni ( nyez'nye ) 
N5v'go rod 
North Amer'I ca 
Nor 'way 

No'va S-e5'ti a (-shia) 
Nue'va Ca'ce res (tlia-) 
Nue'va Ecija (a' the ha) 
Nue'va Viz ca ya(veth-) 
Ny as' sa (ne-) 

O des'sa 
O lil'o R. 

O Ion ga po 


On ta'ri 5 
() ra'ni 
O ri no'co 
O sa'ka 
Ot'ta wa 

Pa clf'Ic 
Pa la' wan 
Pam pan'ga 
Pam pan'gos 
pam'pas 
Pan a mit' 

Pa nay' 

Pan dan' 

Pan ga si nan 
Pan ga si rni'nes 
Pa ra' 

Pa ra'gua 
Pa ra guay' 

Par'Is 
P4sig 
Pe king' 

Penn syl va'ni a 
Per'sia (-shla) 

Pe ru' 

Phil a del'phi a 
Phil 'Ip pines 
Pla'ta 

Pla teau' (-to) 
Port'land 
Por'to Ri'co 
Port Sa id' 

Pdr'tu gal 
Por'tu g?iese 
Puer'to Gii le' ra 
Puer'to Prin ce' sa 
(-tli a-) 

Pu'get Sd. 

Pyr'e nees 

Que bee' 

Queensland 


Qui'to (ke-) 

Ra gay' 

R/iine 

R/ione 

Rio de Ja nei'ro (zha-) 
Ri o Gran 'de 
Rio Ne'gro 
Ri zal' (-thal) 

f 

Rom bio n 
Rome 

Rou ina'nl a 
Rus sia (rush 'a) 

Sa lia'ra 
St. Laa'rei^e 
St. Lon 'Is 
St. Pe'ters burg 

r 

Samar 

San Ber nar dl'no 
San Per nan 'do 
San Fran cis'co 
San I si' dro 
San Jose' (ho sa') 

San Jua ni'co 
Sail MI g?ml' 

San'ta Bar'ba ra 
San'ta Cruz' (cruth') 
San ti a'go 
Siir din 'la 
Scan dl na'vi an 
Scot'land 
Se at' tie 
Ser'vi a 
Shang lia'I 
Sheffield 
SI am' 

SI be'ri a 
Si bu yan 
SI 9 'I ly 

Si er'ra Le o'ne 
SI er'ra Ne va'da 


sil'vas 
SInga pore' 

Siquijor (se ke hor') 
SIt'ka 

Smyr'na (smer'-) 

r 

Sor'so gon 
South A mer'i ca 
Spain 
Span'Isli 
Stock'holm 
Su ba'nos 
Su'bic 
Su dan' 

Su ez' 

Su ma'tra 
Su pe'r! or 
Su ri ga'o 
S we 'den 

A 

Swit'zer land 
Syd'ney 

Ta al 

Tac lo'ban 
Ta ga'logs 
Tag ba'nu as 
Tag bi lii'ran 
Tarlac 
Tas ma'nl a 
Ta'wi Ta'wi 
Ta ya'bas 
Tchad 
Te he ran' 

TI bet' 

TI en'tsin' 

Tiflis (tye Ayes') 
Tl'grls 
Tim buk'tu 
TI mor' 

Tin g?ii ii'nes 
To'kyo 
Tor'res Str. 


126 


Trip'o II 
Tu gae ga ra'o 
Tu'nis 
Tur kes tan' 
Tur'key 

U'ral 
U ru guay 

Val pa ra V so 


Van cou'ver 
Ven e zue'la 
Ven^e 
Verde, C. 

Ve su'vi us 
Vic to'ri a 
Vi en'na 
Vi'gan 
Vi sa'yan Is. 
Vi sa'yans 


Vol'ga 

Wales 

Wash'ing ton 
Wel'lmg ton 
West In 'dies 

Yang'tze 
Yel'low stone 


Yen'! seT 
Yo ko lia'ma 
Yu ca tan' 
Yu'kon 

Zam ba la'nes 
Zam ba/les 
Zam be'zl 
Zan zi bar 7 


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( 39 ) 



APR 18 190 ? 




